Electro-kinetic measurements as a function of frequency and rock deformation: theory, experiment, modelling and applications

流体流过岩石和土壤时，会产生相反方向的电势。这是一种电动过程，在将来可能非常有用。主要原因是我们可以从地表测量地壳内部的电势。如果我们知道电动机制是如何工作的，就有可能监测到深处的流体流动。在1997年至2003年期间，Paul格洛弗（申请人）和其他人开发了岩石和土壤中电传导的完整稳态理论。从那时起，申请人的研究小组在开发理论方面取得了重大进展，包括岩石和土壤的微观结构特性以及频率的影响，并且他们已经构建了用于测量稳态和频率依赖性流动电位的设备，这是对感应电位的命名。该小组已将这些进展应用于火山，地热，水和碳氢化合物储层，地震机制，岩石渗透性，颗粒直径和孔隙半径之间的转换以及震电勘探中的流体流动。很明显，还有更多的应用，包括页岩气开采的监测，以及一些远远超出地球科学的应用，如土木工程，环境保护，甚至生物学和食品科学。这笔赠款将使我们能够（i）对不同的岩石，沙子，土壤进行大量的实验室测量，这些岩石，沙子，土壤充满了不同化学成分，盐度和pH值的流体，（ii）根据频率和粒度进行测量，（iii）在岩石变形时进行测量，（iv）开发理论模型并用数据进行测试，（v）利用数据和理论模拟和解决火山、地震、氡气、永久冻土融化、石油、天然气和水库以及震电勘探等问题。

Fluid flowing through rocks and soils cause an electrical potential to be developed in the opposite direction. This is an electro-kinetic process which may, in future, be extremely useful. The main reason for this is that we can measure the electrical potential within the Earth`s crust from the surface. If we know how the electro-kinetic mechanism works, it should be possible to monitor the flow of fluids deep down. Between 1997 and 2003 a complete steady-state theory of electrical conduction in rocks and soils was developed by Paul Glover (the applicant) and others. Since then the applicant`s research group has made major progress in developing theories that include the microstructural properties of the rocks and soils, and the effect of frequency, and they have constructed devices for measuring both steady-state and frequency-dependent streaming potentials, which is the name given to the induced electrical potentials. The group has applied these advances to fluid flow in volcanoes, geothermal, water and hydrocarbon reservoirs, earthquake mechanisms, rock permeability, transformations between grain diameter and pore radii, and seismoelectric exploration. It is clear that many more applications exist including minitoring of shale gas extraction,and some which are well outside the geosciences, in civil engineering, environmental egineering and even biology and food science. This grant will enable us to (i) make a large number of laboratory measurements of electrokinetic properties for different rocks, sands, soils which are saturated with fluids of different chemistry, salinity and pH, (ii) to make measurements as a function of frequency and grain size, (iii) to make measurements while the rock is being deformed, (iv) to develop theoretical models and test them with the data, (v) to use the data and theory to model and solve problems involving volcanoes, earthquakes, radon gas, permafrost melting, oil, gas and water reservoirs and seismo-electric exploration.