Modern and Deep Time oceanography (SSC, SLC) & climatology (SST): insight from brachiopod archives

气候变化和假定的相关生物危机正在困扰21世纪，我们迫切需要来自极端敏感环境（温暖和寒冷）的关键信息，以更好地记录全球变暖对我们社会的影响。加拿大的大北方极地地区可能会在一个相对较短的时间内经历一些戏剧性和激烈的变化。 作为我的计划的一部分，我计划研究现代和古代腕足动物（灯壳）的成分变化和环境关系-从极端环境，如热带，极地和全球海洋深处。这一基线信息对于确定高度敏感环境的气候变化率和评估变化率的影响至关重要。深入了解影响，效果和结果将从古腕足动物在地质过去的气候事件，如晚古生代冰河时代，这使最后一个冰河时代相形见绌，从二叠纪末大规模灭绝事件，其灾难性的变暖，导致-几乎生命终结-生物危机在地质历史上，和结束三叠纪大规模灭绝，恐龙的出现彻底改变了地球上的生命 灯壳分泌出由方解石组成的外壳，方解石相对稳定，但随着周围海水成分的变化而变化。微量元素和稳定同位素平衡掺入贝壳方解石中并与同位素测温法结合是基于腕足动物的古气候学和古海洋学的基本基础（Brand等人，2013年，2014年）。因此，如果海水的化学变化是由于人为二氧化碳的掺入而引起的酸化，我们可以通过分析腕足动物外壳的痕量和同位素化学来记录这些变化。这一原则适用于许多其他与气候变化有关的因素，例如冰盖和海冰的融化以及海洋变暖，这些信息将被腕足动物储存在它们的贝壳方解石中。 腕足动物是影响海洋和地球的气候事件的优秀记录者（档案）。详细的地球化学分析，并辅以特定和重点事件/层位的腕足动物外壳的纳米结构分析，将为我们提供地质过去这些事件的关键信息，以及自工业革命开始以来过去100年的变化。这项工作将是非常重要的古气候学和古海洋学领域，并可能影响政策的决定，我们敏感和脆弱的极地地区及其资源和旅游业的发展，在加拿大北极大陆架地区，并对加拿大北冰洋的主权。

Climate change and the postulated associated biotic crisis are gripping the 21st century, and we are in desperate need for critical information from extremely sensitive environments – warm and cold – to better document the impacts of global warming on our society. Canada’s large northern polar region may undergo some dramatic and drastic changes in a relatively short time period. As part of my program, I plan to study compositional changes and environmental relationships in modern and ancient brachiopods (lampshells) – from extreme environments such as tropical, polar and deep regions of the global ocean. This baseline information will be critical in determining the rate of climate change for highly sensitive environments and to assess the impact of the rate of change. Insight for impacts, effects and outcomes will be sought from ancient brachiopods present during climatic events of the geologic past such as the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, which dwarfs the last ice age, from the end Permian mass extinction event, with its catastrophic warming that caused the – almost life-ending – biotic crisis in geologic history, and the end Triassic mass extinction, which drastically changed life on our planet with the rise of the dinosaurs. Lampshells secrete shells consisting of calcite that is relatively stable to the vagaries of time but changes its composition with changes in the composition of the ambient seawater. Equilibrium incorporation of trace elements and stable isotopes into shell calcite and coupled with isotope thermometry are fundamental underpinnings of brachiopod-based paleoclimatology and paleoceanography (Brand et al., 2013, 2014). Thus, if the chemistry of seawater changes due to acidification brought about by the incorporation of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, we can document these changes by analyzing the trace and isotope chemistry of brachiopod shells. This principle applies to many other climate-change related factors, such as the melting of the ice caps and sea ice and warming of the oceans, and this information will be stored by brachiopods in their shell calcite. Brachiopods are excellent recorders (archives) of climatic events affecting the oceans and the Earth. Detailed geochemical analyses supplemented with nanostructural analysis of brachiopod shells from specific and focused events/horizons will provide us with critical information of these events in the geologic past, and of changes in the past 100 years since the start of the industrial revolution. This work will be immensely important to the fields of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography, and may influence policy decisions regarding our sensitive and fragile polar region and its resource and tourism developments, shelf areas in the Canadian Arctic, and sovereignty over the Canadian Arctic Ocean.