Error during acquisition and learning of balance control: learning from falling?

良好的平衡控制几乎对你所做的一切都至关重要。平衡控制可防止您在坐着或站着不动时以及在周围环境中移动（例如步行）时摔倒。良好的平衡控制也有助于防止失去平衡后跌倒（例如绊倒或滑倒）。尽管平衡涉及整个身体，但研究人员经常认为这是一种精细的运动技能。这意味着为保持平衡而进行的任何移动和调整都非常小，因此，平衡时移动的可变性很小。人们认为，较大的变异性表明存在错误，并且该人的平衡“不好”。如果错误得不到纠正，就会导致福尔斯摔倒。第一个是一个蹒跚学步的孩子学习迈出第一步。第二个是一个杂技演员学习走钢丝。平衡对新手步行者来说是很棘手的，蹒跚学步的孩子肯定会摔下几百、几千，（甚至更多！）在她掌握走路的艺术之前，她要走好几次，但是杂技演员不能犯这样的错误。即使有安全网和安全带，在学习这种危险的技能时，杂技演员仍然感到摔倒的威胁，这将使他限制错误。尽管在第一种情况下错误很多，而在第二种情况下错误有限，但两个学习者都能熟练掌握这些技能。这是一个悖论。研究人员研究了人们如何学习新的运动技能，如网球发球，他们研究了学习过程中的错误如何影响人们学习技能的程度。一组研究人员认为，错误会干扰人们学习“正确”运动模式的能力。这些研究人员发现，在练习过程中尽量减少错误可以提高人学习运动技能的能力。另一组研究人员认为，试错对学习至关重要。当练习中出现错误时，练习者会学习如何“解决”这些错误，并且比错误较少的情况下更好地学习动作。本研究将调查平衡控制中的可变性和误差。特别是，我的学员和我将研究练习时的错误如何影响人们学习平衡技能的程度。这项工作很重要，因为平衡控制的错误可能导致福尔斯跌倒和受伤。这种错误的后果在学习其他运动技能时不一定存在。这项研究的结果将适用于任何学习需要平衡的运动技能的人，即使是那些学习看似简单的走路技能的幼儿。

Good balance control is essential for almost everything you do. Balance control prevents you from falling when you are sitting or standing still and when you are moving around your environment (e.g. walking). Good balance control also helps to prevent a fall after a loss of balance (e.g. a trip or a slip). Even though balance involves the whole body, researchers often argue it is a fine movement skill. This means that any movements and adjustments made to maintain balance are very small and, therefore, variability of movements when balancing is small. It is believed that large variability indicates error and that the person has ‘bad’ balance. If errors go uncorrected they can lead to falls.Consider two people learning a new movement skill. The first is a toddler learning to take her first steps. The second is an acrobat learning to walk on a tightrope. Balance is tricky for the novice walker, and the toddler will surely fall hundreds, thousands, (or more!) times before she masters the art of walking, but the acrobat can’t afford to make such mistakes. Even with safety nets and harnesses that are surely required when learning such a treacherous skill, the acrobat still perceives the threat of a fall, which would cause him to limit errors. Despite abundant errors in the first scenario, and limited errors in the second scenario, both learners can achieve proficiency in these skills. This is something of a paradox. Researchers who study how people learn new movement skills, such as a tennis serve, have studied how errors made during the learning process influence how well the person learns the skill. One group of researchers argues that errors interfere with the person’s ability to learn the ‘correct’ movement pattern. These researchers have found that minimizing errors during practice can improve the person’s ability to learn the movement skill. Another group of researchers believe that trial and error is essential for learning. When errors are made during practice, the person learns how to ‘solve’ these errors, and learns the movement better than if they made fewer errors. This research will investigate variability and error in balance control. In particular, my trainees and I will look at how errors made when practicing influence how well someone learns a balance skill. This work is important because errors in balance control can lead to falls and injuries. Such consequences of errors are not necessarily present when learning other movement skills. The results of this research will apply to anyone learning a movement skill that requires balance, even those toddlers learning the seemingly simple skill of walking.