River ice mechanics and processes

本研究旨在(1)通过实地考察、实验室调查和数值模拟，为水坝冰荷载设计标准的发展做出贡献。这种需求是迫切的，因为数据表明，许多加拿大水坝设计不足，因此不稳定。(2)量化圣劳伦斯河上冰的浓度、粒度分布、过程，特别是热含量。这一需求迫在眉睫，因为随着气候变暖，巴西的冰正在增加，并且需要在失去航行控制（目前正在发生的是进水口被巴西封锁的船只）导致灾难性事故之前，指导方针指示船只进行改造。(3)继续对流域冻土连续统进行量化。研究表明，动态冰过程（包括冰坝）对小河流的水位、流量、水质和生境起着主导作用。随着气候变化，这些过程需要进一步量化，因为它们对道路、桥梁和水力发电效率的影响是显著的。

This research aims to (1) contribute towards the development of design criteria for ice loads on dams through fieldwork, laboratory investigations and numerical modelling. The need is desperate because the data suggests that many Canadian dams are under-designed and therefore unstable. (2) To quantify the concentration, particle size distribution, processes and, particularly, the heat content frazil ice on the St. Lawrence River. The need is immediate since frazil ice is increasing as the climate warms and guidelines are required to dictate ship modifications before the loss of navigation control (that is now occurring by ships whose intakes are being blocked by frazil) leads to a catastrophic incident. (3) To continue quantifying the cryological continuum of watersheds. We have shown that dynamic ice processes (including ice dams) play the dominant role in water levels, flow rates, quality and habitat in small stream. These processes need further quantifying as our climate changes since their impacts on road, bridge and hydro-electric power efficiency are significant.