Emerging Power Grid Integration in a Unified Simulation Environment

随着分布式发电的出现以及在线测量和优化的增加，高压输电系统和低压配电系统的分析和操作中的传统分离正在消失。在传输中，60 Hz同步性的要求，在保持角度和频率稳定性跨越广泛的互联网络是“自然”的大惯性的旋转质量的大型热电和水力发电机的帮助。另一方面，风能和太阳能发电厂需要复杂的控制机制，以及快速开关的电力电子设备，以创造一种“合成”惯性，使其能够与60 Hz的主电网耦合和联合运行。 * 新电网的60 Hz同步性将需要传统电网与惯性的紧密集成，惯性以秒为单位，由大型水力发电机和热电发电机的机械质量决定，与惯性以毫秒为单位一起工作，由风力和太阳能发电场的快速控制器产生，由电力电子阀驱动，时间常数为微秒。三个时间常数的顺序将一起工作。在解决方案技术方面，主电网中的电压和电流相量解决方案必须与风能和太阳能发电厂中变化更快的电压和电流以及电力电子转换器中变化更快的电压和电流“共存”。 分布式不可调度可变能源（VER）的渗透率增加将影响现有电网设计和运营的各个方面，包括技术方面，经济和商业模式以及社会和环境影响。在新的一体化电网中，高压输电的优化目标必须与配电和用户层面的优化目标相结合。这三个层次的目标并不总是相互一致，个体最优值必须与全局最优值相结合。为了支持扩展的网格，将需要一个精细的分布式控制系统和相应的广泛的ICT基础设施层。复杂性的增加将使电网对内部故障更加敏感，更容易受到外部网络攻击。 * 利用这笔赠款，我们将推进开发一个统一的综合仿真环境，该环境可以集成21世纪世纪电力系统电网目标的复杂性和多样性。

With the emergence of distributed generation and increased online measurements and optimization, the traditional separation in the analysis and operation of the high-voltage transmission system and the lower voltages distribution systems is disappearing. In transmission, the requirement of 60 Hz synchronicity in maintaining angle and frequency stability across an extensive network of interconnections is "naturally" aided by the large inertia of the rotating masses of the large thermo and hydro generators. Wind and solar plants, on the other hand, require sophisticated control mechanisms, together with fast switching power electronic devices, to create a "synthetic" inertia that allows their coupling and join operation with the 60 Hz main grid.***     *The 60-Hz synchronicity of the new grid will require a close integration of the traditional grid with inertias in the order of the seconds, determined by the mechanical masses of the large hydro and thermo generators, working together with inertias in the order of the milliseconds, created by fast controllers in wind and solar farms driven by power electronic valves with time constants in the order of the microseconds. Three orders of time constants will be working together. In terms of solution techniques, electrical voltage and current phasor solutions in the main grid will have to "live together" with faster changing electrical voltages and currents in the wind and solar plants and with even faster changing voltages and currents in the power electronics converters.***     *The increased penetration of distributed non-dispatchable Variable Energy Resources (VER) will affect all aspects of the existing grid's design and operation, including technical aspects, economic and business models, and social and environmental impacts. With the new integrated grid, the optimization objectives of high voltage transmission will have to be integrated with the optimization objectives of distribution and customer levels. These three levels of objectives are not always in agreement with each other and individual optimums will have to be combined with global optimums. A fine granularity distributed control system, and a correspondingly extensive layer of ICT infrastructure, will be required to support the extended grid. The increased complexity will make the grid more sensitive to internal failures and more vulnerable to external cyber attacks.***     *Under this grant, we will advance the development of a unified comprehensive simulation environment that can integrate the complexity and multiplicity of objectives of the 21st century power system grid.