Area-Efficient Low-Power Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wave CMOS Integrated Circuits

面积高效的低功耗射频和毫米波CMOS集成电路**在过去二十年中，无线收发器的射频(RF)构建模块以及系统的其余部分在单个互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)硅芯片上实现，使得当今的便携式电子设备如智能手机、平板电脑、无线传感器等实现了多个无线平台的低成本集成。然而，由于需要使用片上无源元件，尤其是片上螺旋电感，系统的RF部分通常占据了硅芯片面积的很大一部分。此外，射频电路通常会消耗芯片总功率的很大一部分。消费者日益增长的需求是以更低的成本和更长的电池寿命来增加功能，这就需要更多的研究工作来设计和实现面积高效的低功率射频和毫米波(MMW)CMOS集成电路(IC)和系统，以降低微芯片制造成本和降低功耗。拟议研究的长期目标是开发新的器件、电路和系统结构，以实现基于cmos的经济解决方案，以便在主流消费电子产品中广泛采用射频和毫米波器件。**为降低射频和毫米波集成电路的成本，我们计划开发高线性度、低噪声的基于晶体管的无源元件(TBPC)，以取代主要射频构建块中面积效率低的无源元件。这些TbPC，如有源电感，模拟了无源电感的电气行为，只占用无源电感芯片面积的一小部分。使用相同的概念，我们计划开发新的无源器件，如负极电容器和电感，以提高RF/MMW电路和系统的性能。诸如负电阻器和电容器的TBPC可以潜在地补偿损耗，并消除RF/MMW电路的寄生电容的影响，从而实现增益增强、带宽扩展和更低的功耗。为了延长便携式无线设备的电池寿命，我们计划通过在晶体管增益与功耗比最高的适度反相区开发射频电路来降低射频/毫米波电路的功耗。此外，还将使用完全集成的射频能量采集系统在移动中为设备电池充电，以进一步延长便携式电子设备的电池寿命。最后，为了使新的毫米波无线技术能够在主流电子产品中商业化，我们的目标是用低成本的CMOS工艺设计和实现毫米波集成电路。**在这个项目中，将为各种应用开发射频/毫米波器件、电路和系统的新结构，包括高数据速率无线通信、无线传感器、生物医学成像、安全等。由于采用了CMOS技术，这些新设备降低了成本，缩小了最终产品的尺寸，使其在经济上对主流消费者来说是可行的。我们希望在该领域创造新的知识，因为拟议的设备将被开发成在性能、面积效率、功率效率和消耗方面优于之前报道的设计。这一新知识可以由初创公司商业化，也可以通过向老牌公司发放许可证的方式进行商业化，并将在受人尊敬的出版物中传播，以推动该领域的研究。此外，几名研究生将在整个项目中接受集成电路和系统设计师的培训。

Area-Efficient Low-Power Radio Frequency and Millimeter Wave CMOS Integrated Circuits**In the last two decades, the implementation of radio frequency (RF) building blocks of wireless transceivers along with the rest of systems on a single Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) silicon chip has enabled the low-cost integration of several wireless platforms in today's portable electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, wireless sensors, and many others. However, the RF part of the system typically occupies a significant portion of silicon chip area because of the necessity to use on-chip passive components particularly on-chip spiral inductors. In addition, RF circuits usually consume a significant portion of total chip power. Growing consumer demand for increased functionality at reduced cost and extended battery life necessitates greater research efforts on design and implementation of area-efficient low-power radio frequency and millimeter-wave (MMW) CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) and systems to lower microchip fabrication cost and reduce power consumption. The long-term objective of the proposed research is to develop new device, circuit, and system structures to enable economical CMOS-based solutions for widespread adoption of radio-frequency and mm-wave devices in mainstream consumer electronic products. **To lower the cost of RF and MMW ICs, we plan to develop highly-linear low-noise transistor-based passive components (TBPCs) to replace their area-inefficient passive counterparts in major RF building blocks. These TBPCs such as active inductors emulate the electrical behavior of their passive counterparts only occupying a fraction of the chip area of their passive counterparts. Using the same concept, we plan develop new passive devices such as negative capacitors and inductors for which no passive alternatives exist in order to enhance the performance of RF/MMW circuits and systems. The TBPCs such as negative resistors and capacitors can potentially compensate for the losses and cancel the effect of parasitic capacitors of RF/MMW circuits resulting in gain enhancement, bandwidth extension, and lower power consumption. In order to extend the battery life of portable wireless devices, we plan to work on lowering the power consumption of RF/MMW circuits through development of RF circuits in the moderate inversion region where the ratio of transistor gain to the power consumption is the highest. In addition, fully integrated RF energy harvesting systems will be used to charge the device battery on the go to further extend the battery life of portable electronic devices. Finally, to enable new MMW wireless technologies become commercially available in mainstream electronic products, we aim to design and implement MMW integrated circuits in low-cost CMOS process. **In this project, novel structures of RF/MMW devices, circuits, and systems will be developed for variety of applications including high-data-rate wireless communication, wireless sensors, biomedical imaging, security, and many others. As implemented in CMOS technology, these new devices lower the cost and reduce the size of final product making them economically feasible for mainstream consumers. We expect to create new knowledge in the field as the proposed devices will be developed to outperform the previously reported designs in terms performance, area efficiency, and power efficiency and consumption. This new knowledge can be commercialized by start-up companies or through licensing to established corporations and will be disseminated in respected publications to advance the research in the field. In addition, several graduate students will be trained throughout this project as integrated circuits and systems designers.