An integrative approach to stress physiology in fish

我的研究计划的长期目标是了解鱼类的生理压力。大多数动物，包括鱼类，经常面临威胁其体内平衡的环境挑战。一系列行为、神经内分泌和细胞事件的协调启动，统称为应激反应，使动物能够对这些应激源作出反应。尽管应激反应对个体和群体的生存和健康具有重要意义，但我们对应激反应如何被调节并与其他生理系统相结合的了解仍然有限，特别是在慢性应激下。此外，压力生理学领域正变得越来越复杂，因为越来越多的证据表明，早期生活中的逆境和压力在塑造下一代的压力生理学和行为方面的代际影响。***拟议的研究将利用慢性社会压力和暴露于酸碱挑战来探索虹鳟鱼和斑马鱼的应激生理学。幼年鲑科鱼类建立了社会等级制度，其中等级较高的个体以牺牲等级较低的鱼类为代价获得利益（例如，生长得更好）。低生长速度反映了厌食症和肝脏代谢的重塑，我们将确定负责这些影响的调节途径。从属鱼也会经历应激激素皮质醇的持续升高，这是由主导鱼的存在引发的。这些高皮质醇水平破坏应激轴功能，我们将分析这种失调的机制。由于皮质醇既是一种应激激素，也是鱼类体内盐、水和酸碱平衡的调节剂，我们将研究斑马鱼早期发育中这两种功能之间的相互作用，旨在了解早期生活逆境如何影响日后生活中对压力源和酸碱挑战的反应。我们还旨在确定鱼类感知酸碱挑战并启动适当补偿反应的机制。***总的来说，拟议的研究将推进我们对鱼类应激生理学的基础知识。鱼类在自然环境（如垂钓、环境污染物、气候变化）和水产养殖环境（如高捕捞密度、处理、社会互动）中都可能受到多重压力。了解鱼类如何应对这些多重压力对于改善野生和水产养殖物种的管理至关重要。

The long-term objective of my research program is to understand the physiology of stress in fish. Most animals, including fish, regularly face environmental challenges that threaten their homeostasis. The initiation of a coordinated suite of behavioural, neuroendocrine and cellular events, collectively termed a stress response, allows the animal to respond to such stressors. Despite the importance of stress responses to the survival and fitness of individuals and populations, our knowledge of how they are regulated and integrated with other physiological systems remains limited, particularly during chronic stress. Moreover, the field of stress physiology is becoming more complex as evidence accrues for early life adversity and intergenerational effects of stress in shaping the stress physiology and behaviour of the next generation.*** The proposed research will use chronic social stress and exposure to acid-base challenges to probe the physiology of stress in rainbow trout and zebrafish. Juvenile salmonid fish establish social hierarchies in which individuals of higher rank profit (e.g. grow better) at the expense of lower-ranking fish. Low growth rates reflect anorexia and remodelling of liver metabolism, and we will identify the regulatory pathways responsible for these effects. Subordinate fish also experience persistent elevation of the stress hormone cortisol, triggered by the presence of the dominant fish. These high cortisol levels disrupt stress axis function, and we will analyze the mechanisms underlying this dysregulation. Because cortisol is both a stress hormone and a regulator of salt, water and acid-base balance in fish, we will study cross-talk between these two functions in the early development of zebrafish, aiming to understand how early life adversity shapes responses to stressors and acid-base challenges later in life. We also aim to identify the mechanisms through which fish sense acid-base challenges and initiate appropriate compensatory responses.*** Collectively, the proposed research will advance our fundamental knowledge of the physiology of stress in fish. Fish can be subjected to multiple stressors both in the natural environment (e.g. angling, environmental pollutants, climate change) and in aquaculture settings (e.g. high holding density, handling, social interactions). Understanding how fish respond to these multiple stressors is critical to improving the management of both wild and aquaculture species.