Safe Transport and Storage of Pressure Liquefied Hazardous Materials

各种压力液化危险化学品，如丙烷、液化石油气、原油、无水氨、氯等，每天都在这个国家储存和运输。不时会发生事故，大量的这些物质被释放到环境中。有时这些释放是强大的爆炸，可以导致爆炸破坏和投射物，地面载荷，火球或有毒云。政府和行业共同努力保护我们的安全。我们必须努力工作，确保他们有最新的科学来支持他们的工作。我们需要了解火灾是如何影响危险材料压力容器的，这样我们才能设计出具有成本效益的保护系统。我们需要准确可靠的分析方法来确保这些系统正常工作。时至今日，我们仍无法预测船舶在意外起火时的加压速度。预测压力速率对于设计安全的系统至关重要。我们将进行实验研究，以确定在装有危险物质的火灾冲击压力容器内究竟发生了什么。我们将研究火焰传热、对流和容器内的沸腾传热。我们将使用热电偶测量容器内部的温度分布，我们将使用光学技术和激光确定速度和沸腾特性。我们将使用计算流体动力学（CFD）来开发这些容器中压力如何积聚的详细模型，以便我们可以预测容器失效的时间。我们还将研究沸腾液体膨胀蒸汽爆炸（BLEVE）的近场危害。为了更好地量化远场效应，多年来进行了许多研究。但是对近场效应的研究却很少。紧急救援人员对近场效应非常感兴趣，因为他们可能在那个领域工作。我们将进行小型和大型实验，以测量来自BLEVE的地面力和近场爆炸超压。我们将使用高速成像和阴影图来记录这些事件，以便以后分析。我们将开展CFD来更好地了解这些事件，包括激波的形成和爆炸沸腾过程。这项研究的成果将改进方法和程序，对能源、交通、制造、咨询和建筑行业的工程师、科学家有用。研究结果将对加拿大和全世界负责危险材料运输和储存的决策者和监管机构有价值。所有的工作将由MASc和博士生在一个包容和公平的学习和工作环境中进行。他们将学习运输和储存危险物质所需的最先进的分析和实验技能。他们将学习和实践如何记录和展示他们的工作给他们的同龄人和社会。

A wide range of pressure liquefied hazardous chemicals such as propane, LPG, crude oil, anhydrous ammonia, chlorine and many others are stored and transported in this country every day. From time to time there are accidents where quantities of these materials are released into the environment. Sometimes these releases are powerful explosions that can lead to blast damage and projectiles, ground loading, fireballs or toxic clouds. The government and industry work together to keep us safe. We must work hard to ensure they have the latest science to support what they do.   We need to understand how fire affects hazardous materials pressure vessels so that we can design cost effective protection systems. We need accurate and reliable analysis methods to ensure these systems will work properly.We are still unable today to predict how quickly a vessel will pressurize when exposed to accidental fire. It is critical that we can predict pressurization rates to  design safe systems. We will conduct experimental research to determine exactly what happens inside a fire impinged pressure vessel holding a hazardous material. We will study fire heat transfer and convection and boiling heat transfer inside the vessel. We will measure temperature distributions inside the vessels using thermocouples and we will determine velocities and boiling characteristics using optical techniques and lasers. We will develop detailed models of how pressure builds up in these vessels using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) so we can predict time to vessel failure. We will also investigate near field hazards from boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVE). Many studies have been conducted over the years to better quantify the far field effects. But very little has been done with near field effects. Emergency responders are very interested in near field effects because they may be working in that area. We will conduct small and large scale experiments to measure ground force and near field blast overpressure from a BLEVE. We will use high speed imaging and shadowgraphs to record these events for later analysis. We will carry out CFD to better understand these events including the formation of shock waves and the explosive boiling process. The outcomes of this research will be improved methods and procedures that will be useful to engineers, scientists in the energy, transportation, manufacturing, consulting and construction industries. The outcomes will be valuable to policy makers and regulators who look after the transportation and storage of hazardous materials in Canada, and the world. All of the work will be conducted by MASc and PhD students in an inclusive and equitable learning and working environment. They will learn state of the art analytical and experimental skills that are needed to transport and store hazardous materials. They will learn and practice how to document and present their work to their peers and to society.