Secure and resilient integration of wind energy in smart grids

信息通信技术（ict）和风能是形成智能电网（SG）愿景的特征之一。拟议的计划是由以下方面造成的令人担忧的差距推动的：(i)风能快速整合到SGs， （ii）风电机组和SGs之间广泛的网络连接，以及（iii）针对SGs的网络攻击的扩散。为了填补这一空白，并将风能安全地整合到SG主要领域（即输电网、智能配电网（sdg）和微电网（mg））中，本项目考虑了三个短期研究目标。1-确保输电网中的大型风电场（WFs）安全：通过各种事件证实，如果不加以控制或管理，WFs可能会破坏输电网并导致停电。此外，据报道，针对wf的第一次已知网络攻击发生在2019年。在此基础上，由于其运作所需的信息通信技术的广泛使用，大规模wf对对手来说是有吸引力的目标。此外，各种涡轮机技术和不稳定条件要求WF和电网运营商使用通用的安全解决方案。因此，本项目旨在为大型WFs开发新的安全评估和改进技术。2-确保可持续发展目标中基于风能的分布式能源（WBDERs）：可持续发展目标中高效可靠的能源输送需要在WBDERs和电网运营商之间进行广泛的数据传输。可持续发展目标及其子系统的完整性，例如虚拟发电厂（vpp），以及上游高压电网，可能会受到网络攻击的影响。此外，风力发电机组的日益普及和不安全公共通信系统的使用等，凸显了分析可持续发展目标中风力发电机组安全性并为其安全运行提供有效解决方案的迫切需要。3-确保风力发电机组的安全：风力发电机组为将可再生能源（如WBDERs）整合到电网中提供了一种高效的工具。与配电网和输电网相比，电网的惯性相对较低。因此，它们需要通讯协助的计划来控制和保护它们的野生生物。这种网络基础设施的使用使得mgs——特别是在自主操作模式下——容易受到网络攻击。因此，该项目旨在开发有效的解决方案，以安全、有弹性地运行风力发电机组。该项目是最早探索风力集成SGs安全性和弹性的项目之一。其设想的产出将通过(i)为风能和电力系统部门提供针对网络攻击的工具、解决方案和技术，以及（ii）培训高素质人才，对风能和电力系统部门产生积极影响。该项目还将通过减少与网络攻击相关的停电次数和提供安全的能源基础设施来帮助加拿大——作为风力涡轮机安装量最大的十个国家之一。

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and wind energy are among the features that have shaped the vision of a Smart Grid (SG). The proposed program is driven by a concerning gap created by (i) the rapid integration of wind energy into SGs, (ii) extensive cyber connections between wind units and SGs, and (iii) the proliferation of cyber-attacks against SGs. To fill this gap and to securely integrate wind energy into SG major domains (i.e., transmission grids, Smart Distribution Grids (SDGs), and Microgrids (MGs)), three short-term research objectives are considered in this program. 1- Securing large-scale Wind Farms (WFs) in transmission grids: Through various incidents, it is confirmed that WFs, if not controlled or managed properly, can destabilize transmission grids and cause blackouts. Moreover, the first known cyber-attack against WFs was reported in 2019. On this basis and due to the extensive use of ICTs required for their operation, large-scale WFs are attractive targets for adversaries. Additionally, various turbine technologies and instability conditions challenge WF and grid operators to use generic security solutions. Thus, this program aims to develop new security assessment and improvement techniques for large-scale WFs. 2- Securing Wind-Based Distributed Energy Resources (WBDERs) in SDGs: The efficient and reliable delivery of energy in SDGs requires an extensive transfer of data between WBDERs and grid operators. The integrity of an SDG and its subsystems, e.g., Virtual Power Plants (VPPs), as well as the upstream HV grid can be affected by cyber-attacks on WBDERs. Moreover, the increasing penetration of wind units and the use of insecure public communication systems, among others, highlight the imperative need for analyzing the security of WBDERs in SDGs and providing effective solutions for their safe operation. 3- Securing wind-integrated MGs: MGs provide an efficient and effective tool for the integration of renewable energy resources, e.g., WBDERs, into the grid. In contrast to distribution and transmission grids, MGs have relatively low inertia. Consequently, they require communication-assisted schemes for the control and protection of their WBDERs. The use of such cyber infrastructure makes MGs-particularly in autonomous operation mode-prone to cyber-attacks. As a result, this program aims to develop effective solutions to securely and resiliently operate wind-integrated MGs. This program is among the earliest efforts to explore the security and resiliency of wind-integrated SGs. Its envisioned outputs will have a positive impact on wind energy and power system sectors by (i) providing them with tools, solutions, and technologies against cyber-attacks and (ii) training highly qualified personnel. This program will also help Canada-as one of the ten countries with the largest installations of wind turbines-by reducing the number of cyber-attack-related blackouts and by providing a secure energy infrastructure.