Dynamic and Thermodynamic processes of snow covered sea ice

世界已经将注意力转向北极，这在很大程度上是因为气候迅速变化，海冰的消失是我们的地球变暖的一个主要后果。气候变化和全球化都是北极面临的前所未有的挑战和机遇。加拿大必须创造知识，作为可持续发展、适应和缓解战略的基础。卫星数据、现场观测和因纽特人的知识都记录了北极海冰的迅速变薄和消退。这些变化对全球能源平衡产生深远影响，有可能影响大规模天气和海洋环流、极地生态系统和海洋生物地球化学、沿海社区生计、海洋航行和资源开采。政治、经济和社会发展方案已经很好地开展，往往领先于支持可持续发展原则所需的多部门治理和政策。我的NSERC发现赠款(DG)的长期目标是了解大气和海洋如何推动海冰的动力学和热力学过程，并阐明这些过程中变化的关键生物地球化学影响。为了实现这一点，我打算在一系列空间和时间尺度上检验这些相互作用的系统，利用现场实验、模型开发和假设形成、测试和重新表述的循环。在NSERC DG循环的过程中，我打算审查四个短期目标：1.海冰过程--利用现场观测、遥感和数值模式，审查海冰动力和热力学过程的微到半球尺度的海洋和大气强迫(在空间和时间上)的作用。2.冰灾--调查控制海冰和冰川动态的过程，以及这与迅速扩大的北极海上航道中冰灾的变化有何关系。3.遥相关--结合观测到的大规模海冰环流变化，调查开放水域增加对地面大气压力模式的作用。研究当代和古气候时间尺度(全新世中期向前)的这些遥相关。4.技术--继续改进利用微波散射和发射观测以及电热物理模型估计雪/海冰系统地球物理和热力学状态的技术。这项工作涉及对海冰融化通量的直接检测和量化、对海冰中石油和其他与运输有关的污染物溢出的检测，以及对跨海洋-海冰-大气(OSA)界面的溴释放过程中涉及的年轻冰形态的检测。北极对加拿大乃至世界既是挑战，也是机遇。我们正在迅速开辟一个可供发展的“第三大洋”，但要做到这一点，需要在科学知识的指导下进行认真的管理。

The world has turned its attention to the Arctic, largely because of a rapidly changing climate, with the loss of sea ice being a major consequence of our warming planet. Climate change and globalization both contribute to the unprecedented challenges and opportunities faced by the Arctic. Canada must create the knowledge upon which sustainable development, adaptation, and mitigation strategies can be based. Satellite data, in situ observations, and Inuit knowledge have all documented the rapid thinning and retreat of Arctic sea ice. These changes have a profound impact on the global energy balance with the potential to influence large-scale weather and ocean circulation, polar ecosystems and marine biogeochemistry, livelihoods of coastal communities, marine navigation, and resource extraction. Political, economic, and social development programs are already well underway, often ahead of the multi-sectoral governance and policy required to support sustainable development principles. My NSERC Discovery Grant (DG) long-term objectives are to understand how the atmosphere and ocean force sea ice dynamic and thermodynamic processes and to elucidate key biogeochemical implications of changes in these processes. To accomplish this, I intend to examine these interacting systems at a range of space and time scales, taking advantage of in situ experimentation, model development, and a cycle of hypothesis formation, testing, and reformulation. Over the course of this NSERC DG cycle I intend to examine four short-term objectives: 1.Sea Ice Processes - Examine the role of micro- to hemispheric-scale oceanic and atmospheric forcing (in both space and time) of sea ice dynamic and thermodynamic processes using in situ observations, remote sensing, and numerical models. 2. Ice Hazards - Investigate the processes controlling sea ice and glacier dynamics and how this relates to changes in ice hazards in rapidly expanding Arctic marine shipping lanes. 3. Teleconnections - Investigate the role that increasing open water has on surface atmosphere pressure patterns in association with observed changes in large-scale sea ice circulation. Examine these teleconnections over both contemporary and paleoclimate time scales (mid-Holocene forward). 4. Technology - Continue to refine techniques to estimate the geophysical and thermodynamic state of the snow/sea ice system using microwave scattering and emission observations, and electro-thermophysical models. Relate this work to direct detection and quantification of melt fluxes from sea ice, detection of oil and other transportation-related contaminant spills in sea ice, and on detection of young ice forms involved in bromine-release processes across the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere (OSA) interface. The Arctic represents both a challenge and an opportunity for Canada and indeed for the world. We are rapidly opening a `third ocean' available for development, yet to do so will require careful stewardship, informed by science.