Safe Transport and Storage of Pressure Liquefied Hazardous Materials

这个国家每天储存和运输各种压力液化危险化学品，如丙烷、液化石油气、原油、无水氨、氯等。时不时会有大量这些材料被释放到环境中的事故。有时这些释放是强大的爆炸，可能导致爆炸破坏和抛射物、地面加载、火球或有毒云层。政府和业界通力合作，确保我们的安全。我们必须努力工作，确保他们拥有最新的科学来支持他们所做的事情。我们需要了解火灾如何影响危险材料压力容器，以便我们能够设计具有成本效益的保护系统。我们需要准确可靠的分析方法来确保这些系统正常工作。我们今天仍然无法预测容器在遭遇意外火灾时会以多快的速度加压。至关重要的是，我们可以预测加压速率，以帮助设计安全的系统。我们将进行实验研究，以确定在装有危险材料的着火压力容器内究竟发生了什么。我们将研究容器内的火灾换热、对流换热和沸腾换热。我们将使用热电偶测量容器内的温度分布，并使用光学技术和激光来确定速度和沸腾特性。我们将使用计算流体力学(CFD)开发这些容器中压力如何积累的详细模型，以便我们可以预测容器失效的时间。我们还将调查沸腾液体膨胀蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE)的近场危险。多年来，为了更好地量化远场效应，人们进行了许多研究。但在近场效应方面所做的工作很少。急救人员对近场效应非常感兴趣，因为他们可能在该地区工作。我们将进行小型和大型实验，以测量BLEVE的地面力和近场爆炸超压。我们将使用高速成像和阴影图来记录这些事件，以供以后分析。我们将进行CFD以更好地了解这些事件，包括冲击波的形成和爆炸沸腾过程。这项研究的结果将是改进的方法和程序，将对能源、交通、制造、咨询和建筑行业的工程师和科学家有用。这些结果将对负责加拿大和世界危险材料运输和储存的政策制定者和监管机构具有重要价值。所有工作将由MASC和博士生在包容和公平的学习和工作环境中进行。他们将学习运输和储存危险材料所需的最先进的分析和实验技能。他们将学习和练习如何记录和向他们的同龄人和社会展示他们的工作。

A wide range of pressure liquefied hazardous chemicals such as propane, LPG, crude oil, anhydrous ammonia, chlorine and many others are stored and transported in this country every day. From time to time there are accidents where quantities of these materials are released into the environment. Sometimes these releases are powerful explosions that can lead to blast damage and projectiles, ground loading, fireballs or toxic clouds. The government and industry work together to keep us safe. We must work hard to ensure they have the latest science to support what they do.   We need to understand how fire affects hazardous materials pressure vessels so that we can design cost effective protection systems. We need accurate and reliable analysis methods to ensure these systems will work properly.We are still unable today to predict how quickly a vessel will pressurize when exposed to accidental fire. It is critical that we can predict pressurization rates to  design safe systems. We will conduct experimental research to determine exactly what happens inside a fire impinged pressure vessel holding a hazardous material. We will study fire heat transfer and convection and boiling heat transfer inside the vessel. We will measure temperature distributions inside the vessels using thermocouples and we will determine velocities and boiling characteristics using optical techniques and lasers. We will develop detailed models of how pressure builds up in these vessels using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) so we can predict time to vessel failure. We will also investigate near field hazards from boiling liquid expanding vapour explosions (BLEVE). Many studies have been conducted over the years to better quantify the far field effects. But very little has been done with near field effects. Emergency responders are very interested in near field effects because they may be working in that area. We will conduct small and large scale experiments to measure ground force and near field blast overpressure from a BLEVE. We will use high speed imaging and shadowgraphs to record these events for later analysis. We will carry out CFD to better understand these events including the formation of shock waves and the explosive boiling process. The outcomes of this research will be improved methods and procedures that will be useful to engineers, scientists in the energy, transportation, manufacturing, consulting and construction industries. The outcomes will be valuable to policy makers and regulators who look after the transportation and storage of hazardous materials in Canada, and the world. All of the work will be conducted by MASc and PhD students in an inclusive and equitable learning and working environment. They will learn state of the art analytical and experimental skills that are needed to transport and store hazardous materials. They will learn and practice how to document and present their work to their peers and to society.