The Atmospheric Transport and Deposition of Major Continental Aerosol Species Over the North Atlantic Ocean

在过去的10-15年里，大气化学已经从一门主要致力于城市污染和空气质量局部问题的年轻研究学科发展成为一门关注从半球到全球范围内各种化学物种的循环的成熟科学。在很大程度上，这一变化是因为人们日益认识到，人类活动可能对自然对流层造成化学干扰，其规模远远超出了当地的关切。众所周知的例子包括某些氮化合物、铅和其他重金属、人造放射性核素、一些合成有机物质、某些产酸物种、二氧化碳和甲烷的区域对全球浓度的变化。大气中的这些化学变化通常会延伸到地球的土壤、海洋和远离原始来源地区的生物群。它们可能导致地球气候的变化，改变重要的营养循环，并对地球上的公众健康和生活质量产生重大影响。大气/海洋化学实验(AEROCE)将是一个以北大西洋区域为中心的协调的多机构大气和海洋化学研究项目。AEROCE项目的最终目标将是发展对北大西洋上空海洋对流层观察到的大陆衍生物种的预测能力。AEROCE的场地选择和测量方案是由模型师和现场实验者共同开发的。该AEROCE元素将包括对AEROCE网络中收集的气溶胶和降水样本进行的化学研究，该网络将由四个站组成：巴巴多斯、百慕大西部、爱尔兰的梅斯黑德、特内里费岛的伊扎尼亚。主要目标是：(1)描述北大西洋上空主要的陆源气溶胶物种和一些相关的次要物种的特征；(2)研究这些物种在空气中浓度的时间和区域变异性；(3)测量这些相同物种在降水中的浓度；(4)根据这些物种在空气和降水中的浓度，估计向海洋的沉降率；(5)就选定的痕量金属而言，测量溶解(或可溶分数)。

Over the past 10-15 years atmospheric chemistry has evolved from a young research discipline devoted primarily to local problems of urban pollution and air quality to a mature science concerned with the hemispheric to global scale cycling of a wide variety of chemical species. To a large extent this change has resulted from an increasing realization that human activities can cause chemical disturbances to the natural troposphere on scales far beyond local concerns. Well-known examples include changes in the regional-to-global concentrations of certain nitrogen compounds, lead and other heavy metals, artificial radionuclides, a number of synthetic organic substances, certain acid-forming species, carbon dioxide and methane. These chemical changes in the atmosphere can often extend to the earth's soils, oceans, and biota far from the original source region. They can result in alterations in the earth's climate, changes in vital nutrient cycles, and impact significantly on the public health and quality of life on earth. The Atmosphere/Ocean Chemistry Experiment (AEROCE) will be a coordinated multi-institutional atmospheric and marine chemistry research project centered in the North Atlantic region. The ultimate goal of the AEROCE project will be the development of a predictive capability for the continentally derived species observed in the marine troposphere over the North Atlantic. The selection of sites and the measurement protocol in AEROCE has been developed jointly by modelers and field experimentalists. This AEROCE element will include a chemical study of aerosol and precipitation samples collected in the AEROCE network which will consist of four stations: Barbados; Bermuda-West; Mace Head, Ireland; Izania, Tenerife. The principal objectives are: (1) to characterize the major continentally-derived aerosol species and some related minor species that are present over the North Atlantic Ocean; (2) to study the temporal and areal variability in the concentration of these species in air; (3) to measure the concentration of these same species in precipitation; (4) on the basis of the concentration of these species in the air and in precipitation, to estimate the rate of deposition to the ocean; (5) in the case of selected trace metals, to measure the dissolved (or soluble fraction).