Songhay and Other Languages of Mali

摘要 桑海语在马里（西非）主要使用两种语言。 方言群体，加奥和廷巴克图-杰内。 （更好地了解和 在邻近的地区， 尼日尔） T-Dj方言群似乎反映了 在“桑海帝国”时期的桑海延伸， 1594年摩洛哥入侵加奥。 T-DJ 方言与高语有明显的差异， 包括最基本的减少和正规化， 形态学和从SOV到SVO语序的转变。 的 本文将研究东台方言群的发展， 与某种形式的克理奥尔化 发生在形成阶段，并在知识， 邻近的语言继续影响着它， 在北方尼日尔河沿着， 马里. 在邻近的语言中，哈桑尼亚阿拉伯语（和 古典阿拉伯语）已被PI研究。图阿雷格 (Ful，Fula，Fulani）和Bozo将是次要的对象， 在这个项目中的研究，以完成语言的“生态”， T-Dj Songhay的发展研究。

ABSTRACT The Songhay language is spoken in Mali (W.Africa) chiefly in two dialect groups, Gao and Timbuktu-Djenne. (Better-known and numerically larger Songhay dialects are spoken in neighboring Niger.) The T-Dj dialecl group appears to reflect the rapid extension of Songhay during the "Songhay Empire" with its capital in Gao, which ended with a Moroccan incursion in 1594. The T-Dj dialects show significant divergences from the Gao dialect, including a bare-bones reduction and regularization of the morphology and a shift from SOV to SVO word order. The development of the T-Dj dialect group will be studied in connection with the hypothesis that some form of creolization occurred in the formative stages, and in the knowledge that neighboring languages have continued to influence it in its functions as lingua franca along the Niger River in northern Mali. Of the neighboring languages, Hassaniya Arabic (and Classical Arabic) have been studied by the PI. Tuareg, Fulbe (Ful, Fula, Fulani), and Bozo will be the objects of secondary study in this project to complete the linguistic "ecology" for the developmental study of T-Dj Songhay.