Songhay and Other Languages of Mali

松海语是西非马里的一种语言，主要分为两个方言群：加奥语和廷巴克图-杰内语。（更知名的、数量更大的松海方言在邻国尼日尔使用。）T-Dj方言群体似乎反映了“松海帝国”时期松海的快速扩张，其首都在加奥，1594年摩洛哥入侵结束。T-Dj方言与高方言表现出明显的差异，包括词形的基本减少和规则化以及词序从SOV向SVO的转变。T-Dj方言群的发展将与在形成阶段发生某种形式的克里奥尔化的假设相联系，并在马里北部尼日尔河沿岸邻近语言继续影响其作为通用语的功能的知识中进行研究。在邻近的语言中，PI研究了哈桑尼亚阿拉伯语（和古典阿拉伯语）。图阿雷格语、富尔贝语（富尔语、富拉语、富拉尼语）和博佐语将作为本项目的二次研究对象，完成T-Dj松海语发展研究的语言“生态”。

ABSTRACT The Songhay language is spoken in Mali (W.Africa) chiefly in two dialect groups, Gao and Timbuktu-Djenne. (Better-known and numerically larger Songhay dialects are spoken in neighboring Niger.) The T-Dj dialecl group appears to reflect the rapid extension of Songhay during the "Songhay Empire" with its capital in Gao, which ended with a Moroccan incursion in 1594. The T-Dj dialects show significant divergences from the Gao dialect, including a bare-bones reduction and regularization of the morphology and a shift from SOV to SVO word order. The development of the T-Dj dialect group will be studied in connection with the hypothesis that some form of creolization occurred in the formative stages, and in the knowledge that neighboring languages have continued to influence it in its functions as lingua franca along the Niger River in northern Mali. Of the neighboring languages, Hassaniya Arabic (and Classical Arabic) have been studied by the PI. Tuareg, Fulbe (Ful, Fula, Fulani), and Bozo will be the objects of secondary study in this project to complete the linguistic "ecology" for the developmental study of T-Dj Songhay.