Collaborative Research: Human-Environment Interactions in the Bolivian Altiplano: Climate, Limnology and Tiwanaku Agroecosystems

拟议的研究将考古学和 古生态学研究，以检查机制， 前西班牙安第斯国家蒂瓦纳库产生了广泛的 土地利用变化改变了当地生态系统， 可再生资源生产，特别是农业和 可能是渔业，持续了近一千年。 五 研究目标集中在改变人类的问题上， 邻湖研究区环境相互作用 的的喀喀：1.描述过去湖平面的变化 5000年，人类占领的主要时期; 2。分析 全新世高原气候的变化，无论是利用湖泊- 水位变化作为水能收支的输入 （气候学）模型，并通过使用地层的变化， 稳定的氧和碳同位素来测量该地区的 水文平衡; 3.重建空间和时间 研究区旱地农业动态 地形测绘、系统的试掘和地面 穿透雷达; 4.来模拟农业时空 系统学在明确假设的背景下， 水文和气候控制的提高领域， 地理信息系统（GIS）技术; 5。到 确定侵蚀和沉积过程和土壤的变化 与不同耕作类型相一致的养分流失 实践 这项研究的结果可能广泛适用于 对理解生态和组织 在恶劣环境下的资源可持续性的基础。 这 不同养分保持能力的长期观点 至少有两种不同的农业做法， 在热带地区， 和传统的旱作农田可能是有用的， 农学和农业生态学。 最后，全球气候研究 变化可能会受益于过去的更精细的画面 的的喀喀湖盆地几千年来， 在古生态学记录中， 人类活动对自然气候变化的影响。

The proposed study integrates archaeological and paleoecological research to examine the mechanisms through which the pre-Hispanic Andean state of Tiwanaku generated extensive land-use changes that altered local ecosystems in such a way that renewable resource production, particularly agriculture and possibly fisheries, was sustained for nearly a millennium. Five research objectives converge on the issue of changing human environment interactions in the study area adjacent to Lake Titicaca: 1. to describe lake-level variation during the past 5000 years, the major period of human occupation; 2. to analyze Holocene climate variation in the altiplano both by using lake- level variation as input to water- and energy-budget (climatinomy) models, and by using stratigraphic variations of stable oxygen and carbon isotopes to measure the region's hydrological balance; 3. to reconstruct the spatial and temporal dynamics of raised-field agriculture in the study area by topographic mapping, systematic test excavations and ground penetrating radar; 4. to model agricultural space-time systematics in the context of explicit hypotheses regarding hydrological and climatic control of raised fields with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques; and 5. to determine changes of erosion and deposition processes and soil nutrient loss coincident with distinct types of farming practices. The results of this research may hold broad implications for understanding the ecological and organizational bases of resource sustainability in harsh environments. This long-term view of different nutrient-retaining capacities of at least two different kinds of agricultural practices, raised fields (which are found throughout the tropics in inundated areas) and traditional dry-farmed fields may be useful in agronomy and agroecology. Finally, studies of global climate change may benefit form a finer-scaled picture of the past several thousand years in the Lake Titicaca basin, as well as from the attempt to separate, in the paleoecological record, effects of human activities from natural climatic variation.