Coordination Dynamics

这项研究将研究人类在简单的（例如， 以一种克里思移动的两个肢体），适度复杂（例如，一个肢体以另一个肢体的两倍频率移动），并且非常复杂（例如，7-球杂耍）活动。 它的目标是双重的，（1）确定一般（动力学）原则，管理的稳定性和变化的节奏interlimb协调，（2）了解这些原则如何适用于协调肢体相对于对象和其他环境的影响。 四类实验将使用两个任务，摆动手持玩具和级联杂耍。 实验将操纵肢体之间的相位关系（例如，在相同或相反方向上移动）、当协调时它们一起振荡的频率、以及当不协调时它们倾向于振荡的频率。 制约节奏模式的环境信息的空间和时间特征也将变化。 计算机运动记录仪将分析三维运动模式，非线性动力学的理论和方法将用于解决这些问题。 研究中的肢体间协调模式的类型是许多日常活动的常见和基本类型，就像走路一样看起来毫无特色，就像演奏乐器一样熟练。 基本协调模式的行为简单性是具有欺骗性的;要理解它，我们需要利用物理学某个分支的最新进展来确定合法的规则，在这些规则中，对运动的认知（心理）约束可以被非任意地定义。 这种所谓的动力学视角，为大脑的建模提供了更丰富的约束条件，以便协调一致的节奏运动，特别是运动。 它还应该提供有关运动障碍原因的新假设以及设计假肢和机器人肢体的想法。

This research will examine the rhythmic coordination between two limbs in patterns that are exhibited by humans in simple (e.g., two limbs moving at one tempo), moderately complex (e.g., one limb moving at twice the frequency of another), and very complex (e.g., 7-ball juggling) activities. Its objective is twofold, (1) to identify general (dynamical) principles that govern the stability and variability of rhythmic interlimb coordinations, and (2) to understand how these principles apply in coordinating the limbs with respect to objects and other environmental influences. Four classes of experiments will use two tasks, swinging hand-held pendulums and cascade juggling. The experiments will manipulate the phase relation between the limbs (e.g., moving in the same or opposite directions), the frequencies at which they oscillate together when coordinated, and the frequencies at which they tend to oscillate when not coordinated. Spatial and temporal features of the environmental information constraining the rhythmic patterns will also be varied. Computerized motion recorders will analyze movement patterns in three dimensions, and theory and methods of nonlinear dynamics will be used to address them. The types of rhythmic interlimb coordination patterns under study are common and basic to very many everyday activities, as seemingly nondescript as walking and as skilled as playing a musical instrument. The behavioral simplicity of the basic coordination pattern is deceptive; its understanding requires that we use recent advances in a branch of physics to identify lawful regularities within which cognitive (psychological) constraints on movement can be defined nonarbitrarily. This so-called dynamical perspective promises a richer set of constraints on modeling what the brain has to do in order that coordinated rhythmic movements in general and locomotion in particular can be executed. It should also provide new hypotheses about the causes of movement disorders as well as ideas for designing prosthetic and robotic limbs.