Group dynamics and temporal coordination

现代社会依赖于对个人之间时间协调的准确预测，从交通模式到通信传输。谈话者、音乐合奏者和舞者展示了人类协调所需的精确时间，以及适应变化的灵活性。我们的协调能力——及时同步我们的行为——在人们如何与听觉节奏信号同步上表现得最为明显。人类对暂时可预测的声音（如人行横道的声音信号）和暂时波动的声音（人类产生的语音和音乐）表现出快速而灵活的适应能力。虽然与听觉信号的协调并不是人类独有的，但我们比其他物种表现出更大的适应性和灵活性，这些物种通常以自发的固有频率移动，这限制了他们的协调。我的研究项目发现，内在频率在一定程度上限制了人类如何协调运动与声音。这些个体差异对时间协调模型提出了挑战。我的长期目标是建立精确的模型来解释群体行为中的时间协调。尽管存在个体与（无生命的）外部信号协调的模型，但对于个体如何相互作用知之甚少。我的学员和我建立了群体动力学模型：个体、群体或群体之间相互作用产生的非线性动力学。提出的研究解决群体动力学在音乐合奏和联合（组）敲击，并在听觉-运动网络的同时测量基于脑电图。我们从在时间协调任务中测试的正式模型中得出理论预测。本研究探讨了个体间时间协调的三个关键因素：a)个体间多重感觉/知觉线索的传递；B)社会关系的作用（包括领导和社会支配）；c)小组成员听觉和运动专长的影响。听觉运动行为是用我实验室开发的模型来评估的，在与虚拟伙伴互动过程中，将群体协调与个人协调进行对比。时间协调显示了我们整合信息、感知变化以及与他人协同行动的能力。听觉-运动协调的先进模型对于更好地理解感觉运动障碍（如中风恢复、局灶性肌张力障碍和帕金森病）非常重要。拟议的研究还有助于确定哪些听觉或运动的短期经历能增强其他情况下的协调能力，从第二语言学习到步态康复。这些发现的好处延伸到生物应用（对同步良好的群体成员的亲社会利益）和技术应用（对未来行为的自动预测），这些应用出现在群体环境中。

Modern societies rely on accurate predictions of temporal coordination among individuals, from traffic patterns to communications transmissions. Conversational speakers, music ensembles, and dancers demonstrate the precise timing required of human coordination, as well as flexibility to adapt to change. Our ability to coordinate - to synchronize our behaviour in time - is most apparent in how people synchronize with auditory rhythmic signals. Humans show fast and flexible adaptation in response to temporally predictable sound (such as auditory cross-walk signals) as well as to temporally fluctuating sound (human-produced speech and music). Although coordination with auditory signals is not unique to humans, we show greater adaptation and flexibility than other species who typically move at a spontaneous intrinsic frequency that constrains their coordination. My research program has discovered intrinsic frequencies that partially constrain how humans coordinate movement with sound. These individual differences present a challenge for models of temporal coordination. My long-term objective is to specify precise models that account for temporal coordination in group behaviour. Although models exist for individual coordination with (inanimate) external signals, less is known about how individuals interact with each other. My trainees and I model the group dynamics: nonlinear dynamics that emerge from interactions among individuals, groups, or populations. The proposed research addresses group dynamics in musical ensembles and joint (group) tapping, and in concurrent measures of auditory-motor networks based on electroencephalography. We derive theoretical predictions from formal models that are tested in temporal coordination tasks. The proposed research examines three key factors in temporal coordination between individuals: a) transmission of multiple sensory/perceptual cues among individuals; b) role of social relationships (including leadership and social dominance); and c) influence of group members' auditory and motor expertise. Auditory-motor behaviours are evaluated with models developed in my lab, to contrast group coordination with measures of individual coordination during interaction with a virtual partner. Temporal coordination demonstrates our capacity to integrate information, perceive change, and act in concert with others. Advanced models of auditory-motor coordination are important for better understanding of sensorimotor disorders such as stroke recovery, focal dystonia, and Parkinson's disease. The proposed research also helps to identify which auditory or motor short-term experiences enhance coordination in other contexts, from second language learning to gait rehabilitation. Benefits of these findings extend to both biological applications (pro-social benefits to group members who are well-synchronized) and technological applications (automated prediction of future actions) that arise in group contexts.