Assessing Resource Utilization and Trade Among Prehistoric Rio Grande Glaze Paints Using Lead Isotope Analysis

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下。Habicht-Mauche和A. Russell Flegal将从新墨西哥州中部加利斯托盆地地区的史前矿山中收集铅样本，并对这些样本和在同一地区出土的史前陶瓷上的铅釉进行铅同位素分析。由于铅由4种同位素组成，并且每种同位素随时间的放射性衰变变化的相对频率，因此同位素特征通常可用于识别单个铅矿床。在陶瓷制造过程中，铅矿与其他成分的混合使得使用微量元素的采购研究没有多大价值。然而，这种混合并不影响同位素比率，因此，这种分析原则上允许考古陶瓷材料与铅源相匹配。在这个设想的长期项目的第一阶段，团队将进行可行性研究，以确定铅源之间的同位素比率变化是否大于每种铅源内部的变化，以及铅源和釉料之间是否可能匹配。在史前晚期，美国西南部的普韦布洛印第安人发展了大规模的酋长级社会，以广泛的互动网络将个人和城镇联系在一起。这种转变发生在公元1350年左右，其中一个基本标志是广泛的社区工艺网络和资源专业化以及长途贸易系统的发展，这些网络以一系列不断变化的社会政治和经济联盟将北部bbbgrande地区的城镇和省份联系起来。虽然这种相互作用的存在是显而易见的，但考古学家不知道这些城镇是否基本上是平等的，还是以等级的方式排列的。例如，某些村庄和地区显然主导了釉制品的生产，他们的产品在整个山谷甚至更远的地方广泛交易。不幸的是，这种产生和分布的细节还没有被很好地理解，拟议的研究将有望提供一个强大的工具来追踪广泛领域的相互作用。例如，应该有可能确定是否有一个村庄或一小群村庄控制原材料的获取，是否存在一个经济网络或多个经济网络。这个项目的结果将增加我们对美国复杂社会出现的理解，并将为许多考古学家提供感兴趣的数据。

With National Science Foundation support Drs. Habicht-Mauche and A. Russell Flegal will collect lead samples from prehistoric mines in the Galisteo Basin area of central New Mexico and conduct lead isotope analyses on both these and lead glazes on prehistoric ceramics also excavated in the same general area. Because lead consists of 4 isotopes and the relative frequencies of each change through radioactive decay over time, isotopic signatures may often be used to fingerprint individual lead deposits. The mixture of lead ore with other ingredients during ceramic manufacture makes sourcing studies using trace elements of little value. However such mixing does not affect isotopic ratios and therefore such analysis permits, in principle, archaeological ceramic materials to be matched with lead source. In this first stage of an envisioned long term project, the team will conduct a feasibility study to determine whether variation in isotopic ratios is greater between lead sources than within each and if matching between source and glaze is possible. In late prehistoric times the Pueblo Indians of the U.S. Southwest developed large scale chiefdom level societies which linked individuals and towns together in extensive interaction networks. One of the fundamental hallmarks of this transformation, which occurred ca. 1350 A.D. was the development of widespread networks of community craft and resource specialization and systems of long-distance trade which linked the towns and provinces in the northern Rio Grande region in a series of shifting sociopolitical and economic alliances. While it is clear that such interaction existed, archaeologists do not know whether or not these towns were essentially egalitarian or whether they were arranged in a hierarchical fashion. For example, certain villages and districts apparently dominated glaze ware production, trading their products widely throughout the valley and beyond. Unfortunately the details of this production and distribution are not well understood and the proposed research will, hopefully provide a powerful tool to trace interactions over a broad area. It should be possible to determine, for example, whether a single village or small set of villages controlled access to raw materials and if a single economic network or a multiplicity of networks existed. The results of this project will increase our understanding of the emergence of complex societies in the United States and will provide data of interest to many archaeologists.