Altruism and Spite in Games

项目标题：游戏中的利他主义和敌意项目摘要利他主义和敌意在日常生活和实验经济环境中都很常见。本研究开发了简单的偏好模型，可以定量地解释利他主义和怨恨，并探索了这些偏好在经济理论和实践中的后果。在经济学实验中，有许多模型可以解释利他主义和敌意的定性特征；本质上，观察到的是异质性，一些人的行为是利他的，另一些人是恶意的。此外，随着利他主义和怨恨的成本降低，我们观察到了更多的利他主义和怨恨。然而，并不是所有的模型都能解释实验中观察到的数量特征：特别是最简单的线性效用模型不能解释最后通牒博弈实验的结果，因为接受提议的群体似乎比提出提议的群体更恶毒。我们的发现表明，一个简单的线性信号模型，其中利他主义程度取决于其他参与者的利他主义程度，可以定量地解释各种实验。这项研究开发了能够解释实验数据的模型，并使用这些模型来理解利他主义和敌意如何影响经济环境。我考虑福利改革和慈善捐赠、歧视、商业组织和犯罪行为等问题。*建议的福利替代方案之一是由政府提供配套资金的慈善捐赠。如果“温暖的光辉”效应占主导地位，那么捐赠者可能不太关心他们捐赠的影响，而私有化体系并不一定比公共福利体系更有效率。*歧视研究中的一个关键问题是可能鼓励或阻止恶意行为的制度安排的类型。*机构在鼓励或阻止怨恨和利他主义方面的作用也是研究商业组织的关键。从历史上看，这些文献主要关注的是信息交换，而不是员工士气的问题。哪些制度安排使员工破坏的可能性更大或更小？哪些安排鼓励员工将公司的目标内在化？*在犯罪行为研究中，尊重法律的问题对于解释国家之间的差异是重要的。利他主义和怨恨的平衡程度可能是解释这些差异的一个重要变量。

Project Title: Altruism and Spite in Games Project Abstract Altruism and spite are common both in everyday life and in experimental economic settings. This research develops simple models of preferences that can give a quantitative explanation of altruism and spite, and explores the consequences of these preferences in economic theory and practice. There are many models that can explain the qualitative features of altruism and spite in economics experiments; essentially what is observed is that there is heterogeneity, with some individuals acting altruistically and other spitefully. Moreover, we observe more altruism and spite as their cost is diminished. However, not all models can explain the quantitative features observed in experiments: in particular the simplest model of linear utility cannot explain the results from ultimatum game experiments, as the population receiving offers appears more spiteful than the population making offers. Our findings indicate that a simple linear model of signaling with heterogeneous players in which the degree of altruism depends on how altruistic other players are perceived to be can quantitatively explain a variety of experiments. This research develops models that can explain experimental data, and uses these models to understand how altruism and spite impact on economic settings. I consider issues such as welfare reform and charitable giving, discrimination, business organization and criminal behavior. * One substitute that has been proposed for welfare is charitable giving with government matching funds. If `warm glow` effects predominate, then donors may care little for the impact of their donations, and a privatized system need not be more efficient than a public welfare system. * A key question in the study of discrimination is the type of institutional arrangements that may encourage or discourage spiteful behavior. * The role of institutions in encouraging or discouraging spite and altruism is also key in the study of business organizations. Historically this literature has focused largely on the exchange of information, and not questions of employee morale. Which institutional arrangements make employee sabotage more or less likely? Which arrangements encourage employees to internalize the goals of the firm? * In the study of criminal behavior, the issue of respect for the law is important in explaining differences between countries. The equilibrium degree of altruism and spite is potentially an important variable in explaining these differences.