Distributive Justice Norms in Marriages

婚姻中的分配正义规范

• 批准号: 9630898
• 负责人: Margaret Clark
• 金额: $ 31.9万
• 依托单位: Carnegie-Mellon University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1996
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1996-08-15 至 2001-09-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9630898&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Distributive; Justice; Norms; Marriages

The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of some processes underlying the successful maintenance versus deterioration of marriages. Sub-goals include: a) further development of a theoretical model of the giving and acceptance of benefits in intimate relationships (Clark & Mills, 1979; 1993), b) integrating the currently large and confusing literature on the use of distributive justice norms in intimate relationships, c) forging ties between work on communal exchange theory, attachment theory and interdependence theory, and d) identifying personality characteristics of marital partners that predict their marriages are at risk. Most partners begin marriage holding a norm of mutual, unconditional responsiveness to needs (i.e. a communal norm) as their ideal, striving to live up to that norm, and feeling moderately high satisfaction. Over time some couples, particularly those whose members have secure attachment styles, continue striving to meet communal norms and will succeed much of the time. When their partners fail to meet their needs they will be distressed but resilient and constructive. Their satisfaction is maintained over time while their feelings of trust and security will grow. Other couples, particularly those whose members have insecure attachment styles, will falter according to one of two patterns. Both patterns begin with at least one partner perceiving his or her needs to be neglected. This perception will be followed with complaints, neglect of the other's needs and, importantly, loss of faith in the communal norm. These couples then either: a) switch to exchange norms and remain together less satisfactorily and without growing trust, or b) begin behaving in primarily self-interested ways with lowered satisfaction and declining trust. Depending upon factors such as investments in the relationship and available alternatives their relationship will either break up or remain together with low levels of satisfaction. This model will be tested in a longitudinal study covering the period from engagement through the early years of marriage. Data collection techniques will include behavioral observations, daily diaries and standard survey methods. %%% The goal of this research is to gain a better understanding of some processes underlying the successful maintenance versus deterioration of marriages. A primary focus will be on the rules marital partners follow for giving and receiving benefits in their relationships, how use of such rules may change over the course of the relationship and how use of such rules may relate to the success versus failure of the relationship. Another important focus of the research is on how people's past relationship histories influence the rules they implicitly follow in their marriages. Most partners begin marriage holding an ideal norm of mutual, unconditional responsiveness to the needs of their partner. They strive to live up to this ideal, and they feel moderately high satisfaction. As time goes by, some couples continue striving to meet this ideal and they succeed much of the time. When their partners do fail to meet their needs they are distressed but they are resilient and retain the ideal. Their satisfaction is maintained over time and their feelings of trust in one another and security in the relationship grows. Other couples will falter according to one of two patterns. Both patterns begin with at least one partner perceiving his or her needs to be neglected. This perception will be followed by complaints, neglect of the other's needs, and loss of faith in a norm of mutual responsiveness to one another's needs. These couples then either: a) switch to benefiting each other only in return for receiving specific benefits in return, and as a result satisfaction drops and trust does not grow or b) begin behaving in primarily self-interested ways with even lower satisfaction and declining trust. Couples who switch to benefiting each other only if they receive something in return may switch again to being guided almost entirely by self-interest, and satisfaction may drop further. Ultimately many of these relationships will break. Others may stay together (for a variety of reasons including investments being high or alternatives not being attractive) but these relationships will be characterized by very low satisfaction. This model will be tested in a longitudinal study covering the period from engagement through the early years of marriage. Data collection techniques will include behavioral observations, daily diaries and standard survey techniques.

本研究的目的是为了更好地了解婚姻成功维持与恶化的一些过程。 次级目标包括：a）进一步发展亲密关系中利益的给予和接受的理论模型（克拉克&米尔斯，1979年; 1993），B）整合目前大量和混乱的文献中使用的分配正义规范在亲密关系中，c）锻造工作之间的联系公共交换理论，依恋理论和相互依存理论，和d）确定婚姻伴侣的人格特征，预测他们的婚姻处于危险之中。 大多数伴侣在开始婚姻时，都把相互、无条件地响应需求（即共同规范）作为他们的理想，努力达到这一规范，并感到适度的高满意度。 随着时间的推移，一些夫妇，特别是那些成员具有安全依恋风格的夫妇，继续努力满足社区规范，并在大部分时间内取得成功。 当他们的伴侣不能满足他们的需求时，他们会感到沮丧，但会有弹性和建设性。 他们的满意度会随着时间的推移而保持，而他们的信任感和安全感会增加。 其他夫妻，特别是那些成员有不安全依恋风格的夫妻，会根据两种模式之一动摇。 这两种模式开始都是至少有一方认为他或她的需要被忽视。 这种看法将伴随着抱怨、忽视他人的需要，更重要的是，对社区规范失去信心。 这些夫妇要么：a）转向交换规范，在一起不那么令人满意，信任度也没有增长，或者B）开始以主要是自私的方式行事，满意度降低，信任度下降。 根据对关系的投资和可用的替代品等因素，他们的关系要么破裂，要么保持在一起，满意度很低。 将在一项纵向研究中对这一模式进行检验，研究范围涵盖从订婚到结婚初期这一时期。 数据收集技术将包括行为观察、每日日记和标准调查方法。 这项研究的目的是为了更好地了解婚姻成功维持与恶化的一些过程。 一个主要的重点将是婚姻伴侣遵循的规则给予和接受利益，在他们的关系，如何使用这些规则可能会改变关系的过程中，以及如何使用这些规则可能与成功与失败的关系。研究的另一个重点是人们过去的关系史如何影响他们在婚姻中隐含的规则。 大多数伴侣在开始婚姻时都抱着一种理想的规范，即相互、无条件地回应伴侣的需求。 他们努力实现这一理想，他们感到适度的高满意度。 随着时间的推移，一些夫妇继续努力满足这个理想，他们成功了很多时间。 当他们的伴侣确实不能满足他们的需求时，他们会感到沮丧，但他们很有弹性，并保持理想。 他们的满意度随着时间的推移而保持，他们对彼此的信任感和关系中的安全感也在增长。 其他夫妇会根据两种模式之一动摇。 这两种模式开始都是至少有一方认为他或她的需要被忽视。 这种感觉会伴随着抱怨，忽视对方的需求，以及对相互回应对方需求的规范失去信心。 这些夫妇要么：a）为了得到特定的回报，转而让对方受益，结果满意度下降，信任度也没有增长;或者B）开始以自私的方式行事，满意度甚至更低，信任度也在下降。 那些只在得到回报的情况下才开始互惠互利的夫妇，可能会再次转变为几乎完全受自我利益的引导，满意度可能会进一步下降。 最终，这些关系中的许多都会破裂。 其他人可能会呆在一起（出于各种原因，包括投资高或替代品没有吸引力），但这些关系的特点是满意度非常低。 将在一项纵向研究中对这一模式进行检验，研究范围涵盖从订婚到结婚初期这一时期。 数据收集技术将包括行为观察、每日日记和标准调查技术。