LT: Life Cycle Design of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems

9727268 Keoleian基于化石燃料和核燃料的传统发电系统是不可持续的，因为这些燃料的有限性和与使用它们有关的环境影响。建筑集成光伏（BIPV）作为一种可再生能源技术的重要应用正在迅速崛起。BIPV系统是建筑围护结构的一个组成部分，因此具有多种功能，包括天气保护、结构、美学和发电。尽管BIPV在屋顶和立面应用中具有固有的优势，但它们目前受到经济决策的限制，忽视了社会效益和成本。目前还没有对BIPV系统的全部能源、环境和经济效益进行全面评估。拟议项目的目的是开发一个生命周期设计模型和计算机软件工具（光伏建筑综合设计和政策评估工具，PV-BIDPAT），以评估BIPV技术相对于传统发电系统及其所取代的建筑材料的全部效益和成本。PV-BIDPAT将提高影响BIPV技术未来实施的关键利益相关者的设计、规划和政策制定能力。BIPV和功能等效的传统系统的生命周期清单模型将作为比较能源、环境和经济评估的基础。PV-BIDPAT的库存组件将包括一组代表各种BIPV技术的模块（例如，非晶硅、晶体、多晶、碲化镉）和另一组用于表征替代建筑材料的模块（玻璃纤维沥青瓦、镀锌金属屋面）。清单模型将与生命周期成本模型相结合，该模型由经济和政策模块组成，将考虑《公用事业监管政策法案》（PU RPA）、现行的联邦能源监管委员会（FERC）规则以及现有和拟议的排放限额交易系统。成本模型将为与发电有关的污染物排放和环境破坏的社会成本分配货币价值。PV-BIDPAT将计算以下指标：大气污染物排放、水污染物排放和固体废物的污染预防系数；能源回收期与电力生产效率；生命周期成本包括社会成本。使用从联合太阳能公司收集的数据，将测量非晶硅BIPV产品的生命周期库存模型参数，以及置换的玻璃纤维沥青瓦和立缝金属屋面材料。PV- bidpat将应用于两个现有地点（佐治亚州亚特兰大的South Face能源研究所-光伏瓦，全国住宅建筑商协会，国家研究住宅公园21世纪联排别墅-马里兰州鲍伊的光伏站立接缝金属屋顶）和三个拟议安装(自然资源与环境学院的Dana大楼-用于建筑翻新的新屋顶，艺术与建筑大楼-光伏瓦演示，尼科尔斯植物园城市环境教育中心历史建筑搬迁改造)。这些案例和其他模拟的结果将突出非晶硅BIPV在不同政策和经济情景下的优势。这个跨学科研究项目将由密歇根大学国家污染预防中心、自然资源与环境学院和建筑与城市规划学院的一个团队承担，他们将汇集生命周期设计和评估、光伏技术、建筑设计、环境经济学和能源政策方面的专业知识。该团队将与联合太阳能公司、太阳能工业协会（SEIA）以及一个多方利益相关者咨询委员会合作。＊＊＊

9727268 Keoleian Conventional electricity generating systems based on fossil and nuclear fuels are not sustainable because of the finite nature of these fuels and the environmental impacts related to their use. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are rapidly emerging as an important application of a renewable energy technology. BIPV systems are an integral part of the building envelope and thus serve multiple functions including weather protection, structural, aesthetic, and electricity generation. Despite the inherent advantages of BIPV in roofing and facade applications, they are currently limited by economic decision-making that ignores social benefits and costs. A comprehensive assessment of the full energy, environmental and economic benefits of BIPV systems has not yet been conducted. The purpose of the proposed project is to develop a life cycle design model and computer software tool (the Photovoltaic Building Integrated Design and Policy Assessment Tool, PV-BIDPAT) for evaluating the full benefits and costs of BIPV technology relative to conventional electricity generating systems and the building materials that they displace. PV-BIDPAT will enhance the design, planning, and policy making capabilities of key stakeholders who influence the future implementation of BIPV technology. Life cycle inventory models for BIPV and functionally equivalent conventional systems will serve as a foundation for comparative energy, environmental, and economic assessments. The inventory component of PV-BIDPAT will consist of a set of modules representing a variety of BIPV technologies (amorphous silicon, crystalline, polycrystalline, CdTe, for example) and another set of modules for characterizing the displaced building materials (fiberglass asphalt shingles, galvanized metal roofing). The inventory model will be coupled with a life cycle cost model comprising economic and policy modules that will account for the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PU RPA), current Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) rules, and existing and proposed emissions allowance trading systems. The cost model will assign monetary values to social costs from pollutant emissions and environmental damage associated with electricity generation. PV-BIDPAT will compute the following metrics: pollution prevention factors for air pollutant emissions, water pollutant effluents and solid waste; energy payback time and electricity production efficiency; life cycle costs including social costs. Life cycle inventory model parameters will be measured for amorphous silicon BIPV products, using data collected from United Solar, and for the displaced fiberglass asphalt shingles and standing seam metal roofing materials. PV-BIDPAT will be applied to and tested on two existing sites (South Face Energy Institute - PV shingle in Atlanta, Georgia and the National Association of Home Builders, National Research Home Park 21st Century Townhouses - PV standing seam metal roof in Bowie, Maryland) and three proposed installations (Dana Building of the School of Natural Resources and Environment - new roof for building renovation, Art and Architecture Building - PV shingle demo, Nichols Arboretum Urban Environmental Education Center historic structure relocation and renovation). The results from these cases and other simulations will highlight the advantages of amorphous silicon BIPV for different policy and economic scenarios. This interdisciplinary research project will be undertaken by a University of Michigan team from the National Pollution Prevention Center, the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and the School of Architecture and Urban Planning that will bring together expertise in life cycle design and assessment, PV technology, building design, environmental economics and energy policy. This team will collaborate with United Solar and the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) and a multi-stakeholder Advisory Committee. ***