LT: Life Cycle Design of Building Integrated Photovoltaic Systems

LT：建筑一体化光伏系统的生命周期设计

• 批准号: 9727268
• 负责人: Gregory Keoleian
• 金额: $ 10万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 1997
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1997-10-01 至 2000-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9727268&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: LT; Life; Cycle; Design; Building

9727268 Keoleian Conventional electricity generating systems based on fossil and nuclear fuels are not sustainable because of the finite nature of these fuels and the environmental impacts related to their use. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are rapidly emerging as an important application of a renewable energy technology. BIPV systems are an integral part of the building envelope and thus serve multiple functions including weather protection, structural, aesthetic, and electricity generation. Despite the inherent advantages of BIPV in roofing and facade applications, they are currently limited by economic decision-making that ignores social benefits and costs. A comprehensive assessment of the full energy, environmental and economic benefits of BIPV systems has not yet been conducted. The purpose of the proposed project is to develop a life cycle design model and computer software tool (the Photovoltaic Building Integrated Design and Policy Assessment Tool, PV-BIDPAT) for evaluating the full benefits and costs of BIPV technology relative to conventional electricity generating systems and the building materials that they displace. PV-BIDPAT will enhance the design, planning, and policy making capabilities of key stakeholders who influence the future implementation of BIPV technology. Life cycle inventory models for BIPV and functionally equivalent conventional systems will serve as a foundation for comparative energy, environmental, and economic assessments. The inventory component of PV-BIDPAT will consist of a set of modules representing a variety of BIPV technologies (amorphous silicon, crystalline, polycrystalline, CdTe, for example) and another set of modules for characterizing the displaced building materials (fiberglass asphalt shingles, galvanized metal roofing). The inventory model will be coupled with a life cycle cost model comprising economic and policy modules that will account for the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PU RPA), current Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) rules, and existing and proposed emissions allowance trading systems. The cost model will assign monetary values to social costs from pollutant emissions and environmental damage associated with electricity generation. PV-BIDPAT will compute the following metrics: pollution prevention factors for air pollutant emissions, water pollutant effluents and solid waste; energy payback time and electricity production efficiency; life cycle costs including social costs. Life cycle inventory model parameters will be measured for amorphous silicon BIPV products, using data collected from United Solar, and for the displaced fiberglass asphalt shingles and standing seam metal roofing materials. PV-BIDPAT will be applied to and tested on two existing sites (South Face Energy Institute - PV shingle in Atlanta, Georgia and the National Association of Home Builders, National Research Home Park 21st Century Townhouses - PV standing seam metal roof in Bowie, Maryland) and three proposed installations (Dana Building of the School of Natural Resources and Environment - new roof for building renovation, Art and Architecture Building - PV shingle demo, Nichols Arboretum Urban Environmental Education Center historic structure relocation and renovation). The results from these cases and other simulations will highlight the advantages of amorphous silicon BIPV for different policy and economic scenarios. This interdisciplinary research project will be undertaken by a University of Michigan team from the National Pollution Prevention Center, the School of Natural Resources and Environment, and the School of Architecture and Urban Planning that will bring together expertise in life cycle design and assessment, PV technology, building design, environmental economics and energy policy. This team will collaborate with United Solar and the Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) and a multi-stakeholder Advisory Committee. ***

9727268 Keoleian 基于化石燃料和核燃料的传统发电系统不可持续，因为这些燃料的有限性以及与其使用相关的环境影响。 光伏建筑一体化（BIPV）作为可再生能源技术的重要应用正在迅速崛起。 BIPV 系统是建筑围护结构的组成部分，因此具有多种功能，包括防风雨、结构、美观和发电。 尽管BIPV在屋顶和外墙应用中具有固有的优势，但目前它们受到忽视社会效益和成本的经济决策的限制。 目前尚未对 BIPV 系统的全部能源、环境和经济效益进行全面评估。 拟议项目的目的是开发生命周期设计模型和计算机软件工具（光伏建筑集成设计和政策评估工具，PV-BIDPAT），用于评估 BIPV 技术相对于传统发电系统及其取代的建筑材料的全部效益和成本。 PV-BIDPAT 将增强影响 BIPV 技术未来实施的主要利益相关者的设计、规划和政策制定能力。 BIPV 和功能等效的传统系统的生命周期清单模型将作为比较能源、环境和经济评估的基础。 PV-BIDPAT 的库存组件将由一组代表各种 BIPV 技术（例如非晶硅、晶体、多晶、CdTe）的模块和另一组用于表征被取代的建筑材料（玻璃纤维沥青瓦、镀锌金属屋顶）的模块组成。 清单模型将与由经济和政策模块组成的生命周期成本模型相结合，这些模块将考虑公共事业监管政策法案（PU RPA）、现行联邦能源监管委员会（FERC）规则以及现有和拟议的排放配额交易系统。 该成本模型将货币价值分配给与发电相关的污染物排放和环境破坏的社会成本。 PV-BIDPAT将计算以下指标：空气污染物排放、水污染物排放和固体废物的污染预防因子；能源回收时间和发电效率；生命周期成本包括社会成本。 将使用从 United Solar 收集的数据来测量非晶硅 BIPV 产品以及移位的玻璃纤维沥青瓦和直立接缝金属屋顶材料的生命周期库存模型参数。 PV-BIDPAT 将应用于两个现有场地（佐治亚州亚特兰大的 South Face 能源研究所 - 光伏木瓦和全国住宅建筑商协会、国家研究家园公园 21 世纪联排别墅 - 马里兰州鲍伊的光伏直立锁边金属屋顶）和三个拟建设施（自然资源与环境学院的达纳大楼 - 用于建筑翻新的新屋顶、艺术与建筑大楼 - 光伏木瓦演示、 尼科尔斯植物园城市环境教育中心历史建筑搬迁和改造）。 这些案例和其他模拟的结果将凸显非晶硅 BIPV 在不同政策和经济情景下的优势。 这一跨学科研究项目将由来自国家污染防治中心、自然资源与环境学院以及建筑与城市规划学院的密歇根大学团队承担，该团队将汇集生命周期设计和评估、光伏技术、建筑设计、环境经济学和能源政策方面的专业知识。 该团队将与 United Solar 和太阳能产业协会 (SEIA) 以及多利益相关方咨询委员会合作。 ***