3D Cloud-Scale Model and Satellite Study of the Transport and Evolution of Lightning-Produced Nitrogen Oxides

这个项目的目的是增加我们对对流层闪电产生的氮氧化物(NOx)的数量、垂直分布、输送和化学相互作用的了解。研究中使用的工具是三维风暴带电模型(SEM)，该模型结合了基于物理原理的闪电参数化方案，并最大限度地减少了对任意参数的使用。该参数化的关键特征是计算闪电的能量消耗，这是确定闪电产生的NO量的主要因素。该模型计算了每个模拟闪电通道上产生的NO的量，然后根据随时间演变的流场进行分配，同时与模拟中包括的其他物种发生化学反应。这项工作的主要目的是进行详细的氮氧化物预算研究，检查白天和夜间氮氧化物化学成分之间的差异，因为它可能影响全球和区域模式，利用基于能量的方案计算氮氧化物并比较云对地闪电和星云内闪电产生的氮氧化物，检查闪电产生的氮氧化物高度分布的时间演变，为全球模式提供更准确的信息，模拟来自新墨西哥州(干净的边界层)和科罗拉多州(肮脏的边界层)的风暴，以便将模型结果与观测结果进行比较。

The objective of this project is to increase our understanding of the amounts, vertical distribution, transport, and chemical interactivity of nitrogen oxides (NOx) produced by lightning in the troposphere. The tool to be used in this investigation is the three-dimensional Storm Electrification Model (SEM) that incorporates a lightning parameterization scheme that is based on physical principles and minimizes the use of arbitrary parameters. The key feature of the parameterization is the calculation of the energy dissipation by the lightning flash, which is a primary factor in determination of the amount of NO that a flash produces. The model calculates the amount of NO produced along each simulated lightning channel and then distributes it according to the time-evolving flow field while chemically reacting with the other species included in the simulation. The main objectives of this work are to perform detailed NOx budget studies, to examine the difference between daytime and nighttime NOx chemistry as it may affect global and regional models, to use the energy-based scheme for calculating NOx and to compare the NO produced by cloud-to-ground and intracloud lightning, to examine the time evolution of the altitude distribution of NO produced by lightning to provide more accurate information for global models, to simulate storms from New Mexico (clean boundary layer) and Colorado (dirty boundary layer), where detailed observations have been obtained, to compare model results to the observations.