The Evolutionary History of the Genus Pan: A Molecular Investigation Using Y Chromosome

这项初步研究的主要目的是寻找黑猩猩Y染色体的变异。寻找新标记的努力将集中在黑猩猩的西部亚种泛穴居人（Pan troglodytes verus）的个体上，尽管属于其他两个类人猿亚种以及泛猿人（Pan paniscus）（侏儒黑猩猩或倭黑猩猩）的个体也将被包括在内。为了发现新的标记，将使用快速检测核苷酸多态性的技术研究来自Y染色体不同位置的非编码单拷贝序列。这些数据将提供一个新的视角，以检验关于弓形虫种群历史的假设，并研究潘属的系统发育，特别是关于是否应该将弓形虫亚种提升到完整种的问题。这些基因数据还可以用来比较黑猩猩和人类的人口统计历史，从而揭示我们自己的进化史。该项目的第二个目标是对每只黑猩猩的线粒体DNA的高变区进行测序，以确定每个个体的亚种。大多数圈养的黑猩猩属于未知的亚种。这些线粒体DNA序列数据将与野生种群的数据进行比较，从而帮助我们确定圈养种群的亚种起源。这些信息将与动物园、灵长类动物中心和物种协调员共享，以帮助管理圈养种群。Y染色体的大部分，像线粒体DNA一样，不会重组。线粒体DNA是由母亲遗传给孩子的，而Y染色体是由父亲遗传给儿子的。因此，这些位点的多态性提供了母系和父系谱系历史的互补图，并可以提供关于种群结构和物种内基因流动的丰富信息。迄今为止，对黑猩猩种群遗传的研究还很有限，而且主要集中在线粒体DNA上。这项初步研究将通过提供来自Y染色体的数据来解决这一缺陷。

The primary aim of this pilot study is to search for variation on the Y chromosomes of chimpanzees. Efforts to find new markers will be concentrated in individuals of the western subspecies of chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus although individuals belonging to the other two subspecies of P. troglodytes as well as Pan paniscus (the pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo) will also be included. To find new markers, non-coding single-copy sequences from different locations along the Y chromosome will be investigated using rapid techniques to detect nucleotide polymorphisms. These data will provide a new perspective to test hypotheses about population history within P. t. verus and to examine the phylogeny of the genus Pan with particular attention to the question of whether the subspecies P. t. verus should be raised to full species rank. The genetic data will also allow the comparison of chimpanzee and human demographic histories which can shed light on our own evolutionary history. A secondary aim of this project is to sequence the hypervariable region of the mitochondrial DNA for each chimpanzee sampled in order to identify the subspecies of each individual. The majority of the chimpanzees in captive populations are of unknown subspecies. These mitochondrial DNA sequence data will be compared with data from wild populations, and thus will help us determine the subspecies origin of the captive population. This information will be shared with the zoos, primate centers and species coordinators to aid in the management of the captive population. The majority of the Y chromosome, like mitochondrial DNA, does not recombine. While mitochondrial DNA is passed from mother to child, the Y chromosome is passed from father to son. As a result, polymorphisms at these loci provide complementary pictures of maternal and paternal lineage histories and can contribute a wealth of information about population structure and gene flow within a species. To date, population genetic investigations in chimpanzees have been limited, and they have focused primarily on mitochondrial DNA. This pilot study will begin to address this deficiency by providing data from the Y chromosome.