The Evolutionary History of the Genus Pan: A Molecular Investigation Using Y Chromosome

这项初步研究的主要目的是寻找黑猩猩Y染色体的变异。寻找新标记的努力将集中在黑猩猩西部亚种黑猩猩Verus的个体上，尽管属于另外两个亚种的个体也将包括在内，还有Paniscus(侏儒黑猩猩或矮黑猩猩)。为了寻找新的标记，将使用快速检测核苷酸多态的技术来研究来自Y染色体不同位置的非编码单拷贝序列。这些数据将提供一个新的视角来检验关于P.T.verus内种群历史的假说，并特别关注P.T.verus亚种是否应该被提高到完整的种级的问题。基因数据还将允许比较黑猩猩和人类的人口历史，这可以揭示我们自己的进化史。该项目的第二个目标是对每一只采样的黑猩猩的线粒体DNA高变区进行排序，以确定每一个体的亚种。圈养种群中的大多数黑猩猩属于未知亚种。这些线粒体DNA序列数据将与野生种群的数据进行比较，从而帮助我们确定圈养种群的亚种起源。这些信息将与动物园、灵长类中心和物种协调员分享，以帮助管理圈养种群。像线粒体DNA一样，Y染色体的大部分不会重组。线粒体DNA是从母亲传给孩子的，而Y染色体是从父亲传给儿子的。因此，这些基因座的多态提供了母系和父系谱系历史的互补图像，并可以提供关于种群结构和物种内基因流动的丰富信息。到目前为止，对黑猩猩的种群遗传学研究一直是有限的，主要集中在线粒体DNA上。这项初步研究将通过提供Y染色体的数据来开始解决这一缺陷。

The primary aim of this pilot study is to search for variation on the Y chromosomes of chimpanzees. Efforts to find new markers will be concentrated in individuals of the western subspecies of chimpanzee Pan troglodytes verus although individuals belonging to the other two subspecies of P. troglodytes as well as Pan paniscus (the pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo) will also be included. To find new markers, non-coding single-copy sequences from different locations along the Y chromosome will be investigated using rapid techniques to detect nucleotide polymorphisms. These data will provide a new perspective to test hypotheses about population history within P. t. verus and to examine the phylogeny of the genus Pan with particular attention to the question of whether the subspecies P. t. verus should be raised to full species rank. The genetic data will also allow the comparison of chimpanzee and human demographic histories which can shed light on our own evolutionary history. A secondary aim of this project is to sequence the hypervariable region of the mitochondrial DNA for each chimpanzee sampled in order to identify the subspecies of each individual. The majority of the chimpanzees in captive populations are of unknown subspecies. These mitochondrial DNA sequence data will be compared with data from wild populations, and thus will help us determine the subspecies origin of the captive population. This information will be shared with the zoos, primate centers and species coordinators to aid in the management of the captive population. The majority of the Y chromosome, like mitochondrial DNA, does not recombine. While mitochondrial DNA is passed from mother to child, the Y chromosome is passed from father to son. As a result, polymorphisms at these loci provide complementary pictures of maternal and paternal lineage histories and can contribute a wealth of information about population structure and gene flow within a species. To date, population genetic investigations in chimpanzees have been limited, and they have focused primarily on mitochondrial DNA. This pilot study will begin to address this deficiency by providing data from the Y chromosome.