Calanus Finmarchicus in Icelandic Waters: Population Genetics and Ecology at the Norwegian Sea/N. Atlantic Ocean Boundary

北大西洋的大尺度环流模式可能将大洋盆地划分为三个半不同的环流系统：挪威海、北大西洋北部和北大西洋西部。由于不同环流系统的地理隔离和/或距离隔离，这些环流中的浮游动物在生态、繁殖和（也许）基因上可能是不同的。先前的研究表明，北大西洋东部和西部的桡足动物Calanus finmarchicus种群在线粒体16S rRNA的单倍型频率上存在显著差异。该项目将通过与冰岛海洋学家的合作，进一步研究C. finmarchicus在海洋盆地尺度上的遗传结构，特别是研究北大西洋和挪威海之间的边界。在2000年5月/ 6月海洋研究所年度春季调查期间，将在冰岛周围水域进行实地收集，该水域位于北大西洋环流和挪威海之间的边界。在冰岛雷克雅未克的核磁共振成像中，将从选定的样本中识别和去除Calanus finmarchicus，并运往新罕布什尔大学进行分子分析。为了检验海盆尺度的种群结构和环流种群的分化，将评估三个不同的基因部分作为种群遗传特征：线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I (COI)；编码磷酸葡萄糖异构酶（PGI）的核基因，包括编码区和内含子；和假定的核假基因COL分子变异将通过直接DNA测序和可能通过快速和更便宜的分析，单链构象多态性进行评估。（SSCP），可以检测扩增DNA的变异性并确认等位基因身份。将使用一套种群遗传和统计测试来量化种群的遗传独特性，并在目标尺度上描述种群遗传结构。采用等高线制图和数据可视化的方法，将C. finmarchicus的分布、丰度和遗传变异置于真实的海洋环境中，包括水团结构和海洋环流模式。

Large-scale circulation patterns in the N. Atlantic may partition the ocean basin into three semi-distinct gyre systems: the Norwegian Sea, the northern N. Atlantic, and the western N. Atlantic. Zooplankton entrained in these gyres may be ecologically, reproductively, and (perhaps) genetically distinct due to geographic isolation in different circulation systems and/or to isolation by distance. Previous studies have demonstrated that populations of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in the eastern and western N. Atlantic differ significantly in haplotype frequencies of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA. This project will provide a further examination of ocean basin-scale genetic structuring of C. finmarchicus, and especially examination of the boundary between the N. Atlantic and the Norwegian Sea, through collaboration with Icelandic oceanographers. Field collections will be made in waters surrounding Iceland, which lies at the boundary between the gyres of the N. Atlantic Ocean and the Norwegian Sea, during the annual Marine Research Institute Spring Survey in May/June, 2000. Calanus finmarchicus will be identified and removed from selected samples at the MRI in Reykjavik, Iceland, and shipped to the University of New Hampshire for molecular analysis. Three different gene portions will be evaluated as population genetic characters for the examination of ocean-basin scale population structure and the differentiation of gyre populations: the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI); the nuclear gene encoding phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), including both coding regions and introns; and a putative nuclear pseudogene of COL Molecular variation will be evaluated by direct DNA sequencing and possibly by the rapid and less expensive assay, Single-Stranded Conformational Polymorphism. (SSCP), which can detect variability of the amplified DNA and confirm allelic identities. A suite of population genetic and statistical tests will be used to quantify the genetic distinctiveness of populations and characterize population genetic structuring at the targeted scales. The distribution, abundance, and genetic variation of C. finmarchicus will be placed in a realistic ocean setting, including water mass structure and ocean circulation patterns, using contour mapping and data visualization.