SGER: Field Survey of Easter Island

SGER：复活节岛实地调查

• 批准号: 0105171
• 负责人: Costas Synolakis
• 金额: $ 2.57万
• 依托单位: University of Southern California
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-03-15 至 2003-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0105171&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: SGER; Field; Survey; Easter; Island

This action is to support a field survey, in Easter Island and the Juan Fernandez Islands off Chile, of the 1946 Aleutian tsunami.The April 1,1946 Unimak Island, Alaskan tsunami remains a geophysical mystery: It was generated by a relatively moderate earthquake, yet it produced the highest waves recorded in historical times in Hawaii, where it killed 159 people and caused considerably more damage than the nearby 1957 earthquake (a much larger seismic event), or even the great 1960 Chilean tsunami that was triggered by the largest earthquake ever measured. Seismic information is scant, and the only realistic possibility of understanding this 1946 event appears to be hydrodynamic inversion from inundation data around the Pacific.Criteria for the accuracy of hydrodynamic inversions are not well established, but it appears that the geographic distribution of data is at least as important, if not more so, than the number of data points. Until recently, it was believed that the tsunami had little impact south of Hawaii. However during a field survey of an tsunami in the island of Fatu Hiva in September 1999, the International Tsunami Research Team discovered large rocks that were reportedly moved inland in 1946, at about the time of the Aleutian tsunami. Some of the rocks were found 300m inland. In the summer of 2000, a joint US/France expedition was able to document these findings. The team interviewed eyewitnesses and their accounts helped develop approximate inundation maps for the Marquesas from the April 1,1946 event.This field survey of the Aleutian tsunami in Easter Island and the Juan Fernandez Islands off Chile is very timely, since the location of these islands allows the measurement of free field inundation data - assuming that eyewitnesses can be found. During the Marquesas survey, the ITST interviewed about 40 eyewitnesses on 6 islands (and an additional 10 on 2 of the Society Islands), many quite elderly. Apart from the advanced age of the expected eyewitnesses, there is another compelling reason for performing this survey: preliminary analysis suggests that a landslide was involved in the Aleutian tsunami. If this is the case, then accurate hydrodynamic inversion is urgently needed to identify the landslide source. Inundation maps for Hawaii are currently being re-evaluated, and inundation maps for the Pacific states of the US mainland are being developed for the first time. Tsunamis from the Aleutians need to be carefully reassessed, particularly in view of the landslide trigger potential, so that the new evacuation maps are developed with the best available technology and field knowledge.

这一行动是为了支持对1946年阿留申海啸在智利附近的复活节岛和胡安费尔南德斯群岛进行的实地调查。1946年4月1日阿拉斯加尤尼马克岛海啸仍然是一个地球物理之谜：它是由一个相对温和的地震产生的，但它产生了夏威夷历史上记录的最高波，它造成159人死亡，造成的破坏远远超过附近的1957年地震（一个更大的地震事件），甚至是1960年智利大海啸，这是有史以来最大的地震引发的。 地震资料很少，了解1946年这一事件的唯一现实可能性似乎是从太平洋周围的洪水数据进行水动力反演，水动力反演准确性的标准还没有很好地建立，但数据的地理分布似乎至少与数据点的数量一样重要，如果不是更重要的话。 直到最近，人们还认为海啸对夏威夷南部的影响很小。 然而，在1999年9月对法图希瓦岛的海啸进行实地调查期间，国际海啸研究小组发现了据报在1946年阿留申海啸发生时被移往内陆的大块岩石。 有些岩石是在内陆300米处发现的。 2000年夏天，美国和法国的一个联合考察队记录了这些发现。 该小组采访了目击者，他们的描述帮助绘制了1946年4月1日事件后马克萨斯的近似洪水地图。这次对复活节岛和智利附近胡安费尔南德斯群岛的阿留申海啸的实地调查非常及时，因为这些岛屿的位置允许测量自由场洪水数据-假设可以找到目击者。在马克萨斯调查期间，ITST在6个岛上采访了大约40名目击者（另外10人在社会群岛的2个岛上），其中许多人相当年长。 除了预期目击者的高龄，还有另一个令人信服的原因进行这项调查：初步分析表明，阿留申海啸涉及山体滑坡。 如果是这样的话，那么精确的水动力反演是迫切需要的，以确定滑坡源。 目前正在重新评估夏威夷的洪水图，美国本土太平洋各州的洪水图正在首次编制。 阿留申群岛的海啸需要仔细重新评估，特别是考虑到滑坡触发的可能性，以便利用现有的最佳技术和实地知识制定新的疏散地图。