SGER: Collaborative Research: Racialized Explanations: Consequences for Intergroup and Intragroup Processes

在卡特里娜飓风过后的几周里，美国人越来越多地问：“为什么救援工作如此缓慢？“对于官方对这场灾难反应迟缓，有多种解释，但只有一种解释认为种族主义是真实的罪魁祸首。 这些实验检查了种族化的解释（即，该报告还指出了对卡特里娜飓风救援工作缓慢的批评（基于种族主义的解释），并为越来越多的关于声称自己是歧视受害者的代价的研究做出了贡献。 这一领域的研究表明，当美国黑人将事件归咎于歧视而不是其他原因时，他们就受到了贬损。 然而，这项工作往往集中在白人的反应（例如，人际关系过程，如喜欢）对个别黑人索赔人。 当其他黑人声称种族歧视是罪魁祸首时，美国黑人的反应就少得多了。 关于这些类型的主张如何影响黑人和白人之间的社会认同过程，人们所知更少。本研究探讨了种族化解释的组间和组内后果。PI假设种族化的解释增加了种族意识以及个人认同特定种族群体的程度。 种族化的解释通常被认为对黑人和白色美国人都有威胁，当人们遇到对自我重要方面的威胁时，他们会转向自己的身份来减轻这些威胁。对于白色美国人来说，他们比美国黑人更有可能相信美国社会是一个所有公民都有平等机会和生活机会的社会，种族歧视索赔挑战了根深蒂固的信念。 对于美国黑人来说，种族化的解释也对自我构成威胁，因为它们提醒他们，自我的一个重要组成部分（即，一个人的种族身份）被长期和普遍地贬低。因此，种族歧视申诉应促使弱势群体成员转向群体内其他成员寻求支持和集体认可。指导这项研究的第二组假设涉及个人帮助飓风受害者的意愿。PI假设，种族意识和认同的增加会导致白人减少他们同情和帮助主要是黑人飓风幸存者的意愿;而种族意识和认同的增加会导致黑人更愿意同情和帮助黑人飓风幸存者。 最后，本研究还探讨了可能有助于减弱群体间偏见和提高帮助飓风受害者的整体意愿的因素。通过借鉴利他主义的研究，PI假设，通过有效地增加个人对受害者的同情心，减少群体间的分裂态度，这反过来又增加了帮助幸存者的意愿，无论他们的种族如何。 这项研究的结果可以为理解种族歧视主张对群体间看法、偏见和关系的影响提供信息。

In the weeks following Hurricane Katrina, Americans increasingly asked: "Why were the rescue efforts so slow?" There were many types of explanations offered for the slow official response to the disaster, but only one that suggested that racism was the real culprit. These experiments examine the racialized explanations (i.e., explanations based upon racism) for the slow rescue efforts to Hurricane Katrina, and contribute to the growing body of research on the costs of claiming to be a victim of discrimination. Research in this area has demonstrated that when Black Americans blame events on discrimination rather than on other causes, they are derogated. However, this work has tended to focus on Whites' reactions (e.g., interpersonal processes such as liking) toward individual Black claimants. Much less is known about how Black Americans react when other Blacks claim that racial discrimination is to blame. Even less is known about the way that these types of claims affect social identification processes among Blacks and Whites. This research examines the intergroup and intragroup consequences of racialized explanations. The PIs hypothesized that racialized explanations increase racial awareness as well as the extent to which individuals identify with specific racial groups. Racialized explanations are generally thought to be threatening to both Black and White Americans, and when people encounter threats to important aspects of the self, they turn to their identities to alleviate these threats. For White Americans, who are more likely than Black Americans to believe that American society is one in which all citizens have equal opportunities and life chances, racial discrimination claims challenge deeply-held beliefs. For Black Americans, racialized explanations are also threatening to the self because they remind them that an important part of the self (i.e., one's racial identity) is chronically and pervasively devalued. Consequently, racial discrimination claims should cause members of disadvantaged groups to turn to fellow ingroup members for support and collective validation. A second set of hypotheses that guided this research involves individuals' willingness to help victims of the hurricane. The PIs hypothesized that increases in racial awareness and identification would lead Whites to decrease their willingness to empathize with and help the predominantly Black hurricane survivors; whereas increases in racial awareness and identification would lead Blacks to be more willing to empathize with and help Black hurricane survivors. Finally, this research also examines the factors that may help to attenuate intergroup bias and increase overall willingness to help hurricane victims. By drawing from research on altruism the PIs hypothesized that by effectively increasing individuals' empathetic feelings towards victims, less divisive intergroup attitudes result, and this in turn increases willingness to help survivors regardless of their race. Findings from this research can inform understanding of the effects of racial discrimination claims upon intergroup perceptions, biases and relationships.