The Collaborative O-Buoy Project: Deployment of a Network of Arctic Ocean Chemical Sensors for the IPY and beyond

北冰洋是一个快速变化和恶劣的环境：偏远，有时无法进入;气温低至-50 ° C;数月的黑暗;不断移动和变形的海冰覆盖;融化季节普遍存在的水分;飘雪和掠夺的哺乳动物。这些条件使得任何观测都很困难，但对自主传感器来说尤其困难。迄今为止，大多数长期的北极大气观测，特别是大多数化学数据，都是在陆地上收集的，尽管北冰洋及其海冰覆盖改变了整个区域的气候和大气组成。众所周知，在北极春季，涉及海盐的表面化学会导致臭氧（O3）和元素汞（Hg）的破坏。然而，由于长期测量的后勤挑战，对北冰洋表面大气中的O3或其他化学物质的测量很少（除了卫星和飞机）。由于仪器仪表、电源管理和仪器仪表控制方面的新发展，有一个新的机会通过开发坚固、无人值守、独立自主的浮标来实现这一目标。需要长期的海洋大气数据集来量化快速变化的冰原中的季节和年际变化，这些变化在北冰洋的不同区域会有所不同。为了进一步实现这一目标，该项目将把针对关键气体的3种不同的化学测量仪器整合到不受天气影响的、自供电的冰系浮标中;其中两个专用浮标将在阿拉斯加的巴罗进行实地测试。这一发展将增进对基本化学和物理过程的了解，并增进对大气-地面相互作用过程如何对北极全系统物理和气候条件变化作出反应的了解。O-Buoy仪器包最初将包括三个传感器：1）MAX-DOAS BrO仪器，2）O3探测器和3）CO2分析仪。在第一年，将开发一个自动浮标，其仪器坚固耐用，功率低，具有数据/电源/仪器控制管理系统包，允许计算机控制定期运行，并通过铱卫星系统传输数据。第二年和第三年将在阿拉斯加的巴罗进行初步测试和改进。为了实现这一目标，我们计划与合作研究人员进行协调，作为海洋-大气-海洋冰-积雪（OASIS）计划（http：//www.example.com）的一部分。www.OASIShome.net

The Arctic Ocean is a rapidly changing and hostile environment: remote and, at times, inaccessible;air temperatures as low as -50oC; months of darkness; a sea ice cover that is constantly moving and deforming; pervasive moisture during the melt season; drifting snow and marauding mammals. These conditions make any observation difficult, but pose particular difficulties for autonomous sensors. To date, most long-term Arctic atmospheric observations, and in particular most chemistry data, have been collected on land, although the Arctic Ocean and its sea ice cover modify the climate and atmospheric composition of the entire region. It is known that surface chemistry involving sea salt results in destruction of ozone (O3) and elementary mercury (Hg) at the surface during spring time in the Arctic. However, due to the logistics challenge of long term measurements, there have been very few such measurements of O3 or other chemical species in the atmosphere above the Arctic Ocean surface (except from satellites and aircraft). Because of new developments in instrumentation, power management, and instrumentation control, there is a new opportunity to realize this goal through development of robust, unattended, self-contained and autonomous buoys. Long-term, ocean-based atmospheric data sets are needed to quantify seasonal and interannual variability in a fast changing ice field that will vary in different regions of the Arctic Ocean. To further this goal, the project will integrate 3 different chemical measurement instruments aimed at key gases, into weather-tight, self-powered, ice-tethered buoys; two of these specialized buoys will be field tested at Barrow, Alaska. This development will improve understanding of the fundamental chemical and physical processes, and improve the understanding of how atmosphere-surface interactive processes respond to Arctic System-wide changes in physical and climatic conditions. The O-Buoy instrument package will initially consist of three sensors: 1) a MAX-DOAS BrO instrument, 2) an O3 detector, and 3) a CO2 analyzer. In year 1 an autonomous buoy will be developed with instruments that are robust, low power, with a data/power/instrument control management system package that allows computer control for periodic operation, and data transmission via the Iridium satellite system. It year 2 and 3 there will be initial testing and refinement at Barrow, Alaska. To achieve this goal, we plan on coordination with collaborating researchers as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack (OASIS) program (http://www.OASIShome.net).