The Collaborative O-Buoy Project: Deployment of a Network of Arctic Ocean Chemical Sensors for the IPY and beyond

北冰洋是一个迅速变化和充满敌意的环境：遥远，有时难以接近；气温低至零下50摄氏度；数月的黑暗；浮冰：不断移动和变形的海冰；融化季节普遍潮湿；飘雪和捕食的哺乳动物。这些条件使任何观察都变得困难，但对自主传感器来说尤其困难。迄今为止，尽管北冰洋及其海冰覆盖改变了整个地区的气候和大气组成，但大多数北极大气长期观测，特别是大多数化学数据，都是在陆地上收集的。众所周知，涉及海盐的地表化学导致北极春季地表臭氧（O3）和初级汞（Hg）的破坏。然而，由于长期测量的后勤困难，对北冰洋表面以上大气中的臭氧或其他化学物质进行的此类测量很少（卫星和飞机除外）。由于仪器仪表、电源管理和仪器控制的新发展，通过开发鲁棒、无人值守、独立和自主的浮标，有了实现这一目标的新机会。需要长期的、基于海洋的大气数据集来量化北冰洋不同区域快速变化的冰原的季节和年际变化。为了进一步实现这一目标，该项目将把针对关键气体的3种不同化学测量仪器整合到防风、自供电、冰系浮标中；其中两个专门的浮标将在阿拉斯加的巴罗进行实地测试。这一发展将提高对基本化学和物理过程的理解，并提高对大气-地表相互作用过程如何响应北极系统范围内物理和气候条件变化的理解。O-Buoy仪器包最初将由三个传感器组成：1)MAX-DOAS BrO仪器，2)O3探测器，3)CO2分析仪。在第一年，将开发一个自主浮标，其仪器坚固，低功耗，具有数据/电源/仪器控制管理系统包，允许计算机控制周期性操作，并通过铱星系统传输数据。在第二年和第三年，将在阿拉斯加的巴罗进行初步测试和改进。为了实现这一目标，我们计划与合作研究人员进行协调，作为海洋-大气-海洋冰雪（OASIS）计划的一部分（http://www.OASIShome.net）。

The Arctic Ocean is a rapidly changing and hostile environment: remote and, at times, inaccessible;air temperatures as low as -50oC; months of darkness; a sea ice cover that is constantly moving and deforming; pervasive moisture during the melt season; drifting snow and marauding mammals. These conditions make any observation difficult, but pose particular difficulties for autonomous sensors. To date, most long-term Arctic atmospheric observations, and in particular most chemistry data, have been collected on land, although the Arctic Ocean and its sea ice cover modify the climate and atmospheric composition of the entire region. It is known that surface chemistry involving sea salt results in destruction of ozone (O3) and elementary mercury (Hg) at the surface during spring time in the Arctic. However, due to the logistics challenge of long term measurements, there have been very few such measurements of O3 or other chemical species in the atmosphere above the Arctic Ocean surface (except from satellites and aircraft). Because of new developments in instrumentation, power management, and instrumentation control, there is a new opportunity to realize this goal through development of robust, unattended, self-contained and autonomous buoys. Long-term, ocean-based atmospheric data sets are needed to quantify seasonal and interannual variability in a fast changing ice field that will vary in different regions of the Arctic Ocean. To further this goal, the project will integrate 3 different chemical measurement instruments aimed at key gases, into weather-tight, self-powered, ice-tethered buoys; two of these specialized buoys will be field tested at Barrow, Alaska. This development will improve understanding of the fundamental chemical and physical processes, and improve the understanding of how atmosphere-surface interactive processes respond to Arctic System-wide changes in physical and climatic conditions. The O-Buoy instrument package will initially consist of three sensors: 1) a MAX-DOAS BrO instrument, 2) an O3 detector, and 3) a CO2 analyzer. In year 1 an autonomous buoy will be developed with instruments that are robust, low power, with a data/power/instrument control management system package that allows computer control for periodic operation, and data transmission via the Iridium satellite system. It year 2 and 3 there will be initial testing and refinement at Barrow, Alaska. To achieve this goal, we plan on coordination with collaborating researchers as part of the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack (OASIS) program (http://www.OASIShome.net).