HCC-Small: The End of Pointing and Clicking: Improving Computer Access with Goal Crossing

HCC-Small：指向和点击的终结：通过目标交叉改善计算机访问

• 批准号: 0811063
• 负责人: Jacob Wobbrock
• 金额: $ 44.89万
• 依托单位: University of Washington
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2008
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2008-08-01 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0811063&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: HCC; Small; End; Pointing; Clicking

Many people with motor impairments still find it difficult to use desktop computers despite earnest efforts in accessibility research. The literature continues to show that specialized assistive technologies are often abandoned or never acquired due to cost, complexity, configuration, maintenance, unavailability, and the need for training. Instead, commodity devices like everyday mice and trackballs are widely used by many people with motor impairments, but current graphical user interfaces are not well matched to the abilities of these users. In this project, rather than attempting the tired approach of adapting special users to standard point-and-click interfaces, the PI's goal is to radically change user interfaces to be better suited to users, by removing the two major obstacles to successful human-computer interaction for people with motor impairments: the need to point to confined areas, and the need to click within them. The PI will accomplish these objectives with goal crossing, an interaction technique in which people only need to move their mouse across a threshold without acquiring an area or executing a stable click. Although goal crossing has been studied and employed in pen-based interfaces, it has not been employed in mouse-based interfaces or for improving computer access. Goal crossing in mouse-based interfaces is challenging because of the occlusion problem, where an unwanted goal lies in front of a desired one (although the mouse button could be used to disambiguate, people with motor impairments cannot reliably drag). Nevertheless, a preliminary study conducted by the PI found that goal crossing has higher throughput, is faster, and exhibits more path and submovement accuracy than area pointing for people with motor impairments. The PI will leverage these performance findings in the current project, in the creation of accessible goal crossing user interfaces. He will do this through the following four steps: Development and evaluation of crossing widgets (this step will employ a highly iterative process to create interactive prototypes and testing them with people with motor impairments); Creation and evaluation of exemplar crossing applications (this step will build three exemplar applications for text editing, drawing, and photos that will explore crossing widget layout, grouping, and interaction); Development of a programmers' toolbox for crossing widgets (this step will create and deploy a crossing widget toolbox to enable developers to create crossing-based applications); Creation of the SUPPLE-X automatic user interface generator (an automatic user interface generator based on SUPPLE++ that is capable of creating ability-based goal crossing interfaces by measuring users' functional capabilities). This research will be conducted as a collaboration between the Information School, the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, and the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of Washington. Broader Impacts: This work will lead to greater awareness of how software can be tailored to meet the needs of users with motor impairments, and to increased accessibility to information technology for this user community. The research will establish a new paradigm of accessible computing that may be transferable to other platforms, such as mobile touch screens, information kiosks, and continuous voice-based mouse control. Project outcomes will include deployed applications and programming tools that can be downloaded free of charge.

尽管有认真的可及性研究努力，但许多患有运动障碍的人仍然发现很难使用台式计算机。 文献继续表明，由于成本，复杂性，配置，维护，不可用以及对培训的需求，专门的辅助技术通常被放弃或从未获得。 取而代之的是，许多有运动障碍的人广泛使用了诸如日常小鼠和轨迹球的商品设备，但是当前的图形用户界面与这些用户的能力不太匹配。 在这个项目中，PI的目标不是尝试将特殊用户适应标准的点击界面界面，而是通过消除成功的人类计算机互动的两个主要障碍来从根本上更改用户界面以更好地适合用户：对于有运动障碍的人：需要指向牢固的区域，以及需要点击其中的需要点击。 PI将通过目标交叉来实现这些目标，这是一种交互技术，在该技术中，人们只需要在无需获得区域或执行稳定的单击即可将鼠标移动到阈值即可。 尽管已经研究了目标交叉并在基于笔的界面中使用，但尚未用于基于鼠标的界面或改善计算机访问。 基于鼠标的界面中的目标穿越是具有挑战性的，因为遮挡问题是在所需的目标面前不必要的目标（尽管可以使用鼠标按钮来消除歧义，但有运动障碍的人无法可靠地拖动）。 然而，PI进行的一项初步研究发现，目标交叉的吞吐量更高，更快，并且比指向运动障碍的人指向的区域更快。 PI将在当前项目中利用这些绩效发现，以创建可访问的目标交叉用户界面。 他将通过以下四个步骤来做到这一点：开发和评估交叉小部件（此步骤将采用高度迭代的过程来创建交互式原型并与有运动障碍的人进行测试）；创建和评估示例性越过应用程序（此步骤将构建三个示例应用程序，用于文本编辑，绘图和照片，这些应用程序将探索交叉小部件的布局，分组和交互）；开发用于越过小部件的程序员工具箱（此步骤将创建并部署交叉小部件工具箱，以使开发人员能够创建基于交叉的应用程序）；创建Supple-X自动用户界面生成器（基于Supple ++的自动用户界面生成器，能够通过测量用户的功能功能来创建基于能力的目标交叉接口）。 这项研究将作为信息学校，计算机科学与工程系以及华盛顿大学康复医学系之间的合作。更广泛的影响：这项工作将提高人们对如何量身定制软件以满足电机障碍用户需求的意识，并增加对该用户社区信息技术的可访问性。 这项研究将建立一个新的可访问计算范式，该计算可能可以转移到其他平台，例如移动触摸屏，信息信息亭和连续的基于语音的鼠标控制。 项目成果将包括可以免费下载的已部署应用程序和编程工具。