Interaction and Migration in the Sonoran Desert, A.D. 900-1300

美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation）将支持对亚利桑那州南部史前陶瓷制造和交流的研究，以推进有关欧洲人接触之前美洲土著移民和人口互动的知识。玛格丽特·贝克博士正在研究定居的霍霍坎农人（与现代的奥厄姆人有关）和更流动的低地巴塔扬人（可能与讲尤曼语的群体，如现代的马里科帕人有关）之间的关系。这些团体的领土在霍霍坎西部边境重叠，靠近现在亚利桑那州的吉拉本德。目前的考古证据表明，在公元1000-1100年之后，巴塔扬人可能已经迁移到东部传统的霍霍坎地区，促进了历史和现代时期多民族社区的形成。在本研究中，将通过巴塔扬陶工向霍霍坎地区的传播来确定巴塔扬人口的流动，他们将使用当地的材料制造巴塔扬船只。主要的假设是，从霍霍坎地区发现的许多巴塔扬陶瓷都是在那里制造的，这反映了当地的巴塔扬陶工，而不是从西部低地的巴塔扬领土进口的。为了了解区域交换和迁移的模式，将使用化学成分分析，特别是对350块陶瓷碎片和20块天然粘土样品的仪器中子活化分析（INAA）来确定Patayan和其他陶瓷的生产地点。这些数据将与来自INAA大型区域数据库的数据相结合，以追踪陶瓷的制造地点，并将为未来的研究人员创建一个更大的数据库。INAA模式将与其他研究的其他证据相结合，包括陶瓷，贝壳，黑曜石和岩画分布，以更好地了解区域交换模式以及东巴塔扬迁移的程度和意义。Patayan-Hohokam的关系是人类学上的另一个潜在案例，是两个具有明显不同定居模式和经济的群体之间的互动、相互依存和亲属关系。尽管这些关系的性质和强度各不相同，但在世界范围内，觅食者或其他相对流动的群体与邻近的久坐不动的食物生产者之间的这种关系都有记录。这里研究的史前晚期社会景观也为该地区后来的发展奠定了基础。在史前的最后几个世纪，巴塔扬人迁移到中吉拉、盐和圣克鲁斯河谷的霍霍坎地区，促进了该地区的社会和文化变化。他们的经历对我们理解不同社会和经济复杂性的群体之间的相互作用、亚利桑那州西南部帕帕圭里亚的居住和适应、霍霍坎古典时期（约公元1150-1450年）不断变化的文化景观，以及该地区历史时期和现代美洲原住民群体的发展都很重要。西南南部历史时期领土和互动的根源在于本研究所探讨的史前时期。这个项目可以极大地促进专业考古学家、美洲原住民社区和公众之间关于史前晚期和原历史时期区域相互作用的更大讨论。

The National Science Foundation will support research on prehistoric ceramic manufacture and exchange in southern Arizona, advancing knowledge about Native American migrations and population interactions before European contact. Dr. Margaret Beck is studying the relationships between sedentary Hohokam agriculturalists (related to the modern O'odham) and more mobile Lowland Patayan groups (perhaps related to Yuman-speaking groups such as the modern Maricopa). The territories of these groups overlapped along the Hohokam western frontier, near what is now Gila Bend, Arizona. Current archaeological evidence suggests that after A.D. 1000-1100, Patayan groups may have migrated into traditional Hohokam territory to the east, contributing to the formation of the multi-ethnic communities seen in the historical and modern periods. In this study, Patayan population movements will be identified through the spread of Patayan potters into Hohokam territory, who would have manufactured Patayan vessels using local materials. The primary hypothesis is that that many of the Patayan ceramics recovered from Hohokam territory were manufactured there, reflecting resident Patayan potters, and were not imported from western Lowland Patayan territory. In order to see patterns of regional exchange and migration, the places of manufacture for Patayan and other ceramics will be determined using chemical composition analysis specifically, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for 350 ceramic fragments and 20 natural clay samples. These data will be combined with data from a large regional INAA database to trace ceramics to their place of manufacture, and will create a still-larger database for future researchers. The INAA patterns will be combined with other lines of evidence from other studies, including ceramic, shell, obsidian, and petroglyph distributions, to better understand regional exchange patterns and the extent and significance of eastward Patayan migration.Patayan-Hohokam relationships are of anthropological interest as another potential case of interaction, interdependence, and kinship ties between two groups with visibly different settlement patterns and economies. Such relationships have been documented worldwide between foragers or other relatively mobile groups and adjacent sedentary food producers, although the nature and intensity of these relationships varies. The late prehistoric social landscape studied here also sets the stage for later developments in the region. Patayan migration into Hohokam territory in the Middle Gila, Salt, and Santa Cruz River valleys contributed to regional social and cultural change in the last few centuries of prehistory. Their experience is important to our understanding of interactions between groups of different social and economic complexity, habitation and adaptation in the Papagueria of southwestern Arizona, the changing cultural landscape in the Hohokam Classic period (ca. A. D. 1150-1450), and the development of historical-period and modern Native American groups in the region. The roots of historical-period territories and interactions in the southern Southwest lie in the prehistoric period addressed by this study. This project can significantly contribute to a larger discussion between professional archaeologists, Native American communities, and the general public about regional interaction in the late prehistoric and protohistoric periods.