Interaction and Migration in the Sonoran Desert, A.D. 900-1300

美国国家科学基金会将支持对亚利桑那州南部史前陶瓷制造和交换的研究，推进有关美洲原住民迁移和与欧洲接触前人口互动的知识。玛格丽特·贝克博士正在研究定居的霍霍坎农学家（与现代的奥德姆有关）和更多移动的低地帕塔扬群体（可能与现代的马里亚人等讲尤曼语的群体有关）之间的关系。这些部落的领土沿着霍霍坎西部边境沿着重叠，靠近现在的亚利桑那州吉拉弯曲。目前的考古证据表明，在公元1000-1100年之后，帕塔亚人可能已经迁移到传统的霍霍坎地区，为历史和现代时期的多民族社区的形成做出了贡献。在这项研究中，将通过帕塔亚陶工向霍霍坎地区的传播来确定帕塔亚人口的流动，这些陶工将使用当地材料制造帕塔亚船只。主要的假设是，从霍霍坎地区发现的许多帕塔扬陶瓷都是在那里制造的，反映了帕塔扬陶器的居民，而不是从西部低地帕塔扬地区进口的。为了了解区域交换和迁移的模式，将使用化学成分分析，特别是仪器中子活化分析（INAA）对350个陶瓷碎片和20个天然粘土样品进行化学成分分析，以确定Patayan和其他陶瓷的生产地点。这些数据将与来自大型区域INAA数据库的数据相结合，以追踪陶瓷的制造地点，并为未来的研究人员创建一个更大的数据库。INAA模式将与其他研究的其他证据相结合，包括陶瓷，贝壳，黑曜石和岩石分布，以更好地了解区域交换模式和向东帕塔亚人迁移的程度和意义。帕塔亚-霍霍坎关系是人类学的兴趣，作为另一个潜在的案例，互动，相互依存，两个群体之间的亲属关系，明显不同的定居模式和经济。这种关系在世界各地都有记载，出现在觅食者或其他相对移动的群体与邻近的定居食物生产者之间，尽管这些关系的性质和强度各不相同。这里研究的史前晚期社会景观也为该地区后来的发展奠定了基础。在史前的最后几个世纪，帕塔扬人迁移到中希拉河、索尔特河和圣克鲁斯河谷的霍霍坎地区，促进了该地区的社会和文化变革。他们的经验对于我们理解不同社会和经济复杂性的群体之间的相互作用，亚利桑那州西南部的Papagueria的居住和适应，Hohokam经典时期（约1500年）不断变化的文化景观非常重要。A. D. 1150-1450），以及历史时期和现代美洲原住民群体在该地区的发展。西南南部历史时期领土和相互作用的根源在于本研究所涉及的史前时期。该项目可以大大有助于专业考古学家，美洲原住民社区和公众之间关于史前晚期和史前时期区域互动的更大讨论。

The National Science Foundation will support research on prehistoric ceramic manufacture and exchange in southern Arizona, advancing knowledge about Native American migrations and population interactions before European contact. Dr. Margaret Beck is studying the relationships between sedentary Hohokam agriculturalists (related to the modern O'odham) and more mobile Lowland Patayan groups (perhaps related to Yuman-speaking groups such as the modern Maricopa). The territories of these groups overlapped along the Hohokam western frontier, near what is now Gila Bend, Arizona. Current archaeological evidence suggests that after A.D. 1000-1100, Patayan groups may have migrated into traditional Hohokam territory to the east, contributing to the formation of the multi-ethnic communities seen in the historical and modern periods. In this study, Patayan population movements will be identified through the spread of Patayan potters into Hohokam territory, who would have manufactured Patayan vessels using local materials. The primary hypothesis is that that many of the Patayan ceramics recovered from Hohokam territory were manufactured there, reflecting resident Patayan potters, and were not imported from western Lowland Patayan territory. In order to see patterns of regional exchange and migration, the places of manufacture for Patayan and other ceramics will be determined using chemical composition analysis specifically, instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for 350 ceramic fragments and 20 natural clay samples. These data will be combined with data from a large regional INAA database to trace ceramics to their place of manufacture, and will create a still-larger database for future researchers. The INAA patterns will be combined with other lines of evidence from other studies, including ceramic, shell, obsidian, and petroglyph distributions, to better understand regional exchange patterns and the extent and significance of eastward Patayan migration.Patayan-Hohokam relationships are of anthropological interest as another potential case of interaction, interdependence, and kinship ties between two groups with visibly different settlement patterns and economies. Such relationships have been documented worldwide between foragers or other relatively mobile groups and adjacent sedentary food producers, although the nature and intensity of these relationships varies. The late prehistoric social landscape studied here also sets the stage for later developments in the region. Patayan migration into Hohokam territory in the Middle Gila, Salt, and Santa Cruz River valleys contributed to regional social and cultural change in the last few centuries of prehistory. Their experience is important to our understanding of interactions between groups of different social and economic complexity, habitation and adaptation in the Papagueria of southwestern Arizona, the changing cultural landscape in the Hohokam Classic period (ca. A. D. 1150-1450), and the development of historical-period and modern Native American groups in the region. The roots of historical-period territories and interactions in the southern Southwest lie in the prehistoric period addressed by this study. This project can significantly contribute to a larger discussion between professional archaeologists, Native American communities, and the general public about regional interaction in the late prehistoric and protohistoric periods.