Factionalism, Trade Goods, and the Colonial Process in Peten, Guatemala

在美国国家科学基金会（National Science Foundation）的资助下，蒂莫西·w·普博士（Timothy W. Pugh）和一个国际学者团队将调查流入玛雅世界的欧洲贸易商品是如何在西班牙征服之前削弱中央权威、加剧派系分化，从而改变了当地的政治制度的。这项研究将包括在危地马拉的佩特海姆进行两个季节的考古发掘和实验室分析。团队成员将包括来自美国和危地马拉的教授和学生。接触和殖民主义通常被想象成土著vs.定居者/殖民者的关系，但文化纠纷感很少如此直接。本土群体和外来群体都可以包括不同意图的派系，它们在接触情况下出现的权力关系中发挥着关键作用。在这种纠缠中，派系斗争超越了边界，派系之间相互竞争，同时可能与外部势力结盟。在征服之后，竞争的派系有不同的观点和目标。正是通过这些不同的目标，人们才有可能对参与殖民进程的机构有所了解。该项目将调查这些复杂的权力谈判，因为它们在危地马拉pet<e:1>的两个地点：Nixtun-Ch'ich和Muralla de Leon的物质文化中表现出来。该项目将特别关注欧洲物质文化在伊察社会政治体系中的角色转变，从接触时期（公元1525-1697年）到早期西班牙殖民时期（公元1697-1750年），以及西班牙征服和随后的殖民主义对玛雅社会组织和政治权力的影响。通过对限制和重新分配欧洲物品的实践的检查，这项工作将阐明这些物品的价值。玛雅精英对铁、玻璃和其他欧洲物品的使用和再分配限制的研究将揭示殖民物品在接触过程中是如何被战略性地占有和拒绝的。该项目将揭示接触和征服如何改变内部社会关系，导致派系化，新联盟的创建和权力网络的转变。这项研究将产生许多更广泛的影响，包括对美国和危地马拉学生的培训。Pugh博士与petdep有着长期的合作关系，并将支持CUDEP学生完成不同层次的研究实习和论文。这种特殊的影响是至关重要的，因为来自pet<e:1>的学生在没有外部合作的情况下没有资源进行和完成他们的研究。来自纽约城市大学研究生中心、南伊利诺伊大学卡本代尔分校和其他大学的研究生也将得到支持，并将进行高级研究，以获得研究生学位。皇后学院的合格本科生也将有机会参与该项目，学习考古方法和研究设计。

With National Science Foundation funding, Dr. Timothy W. Pugh and a team of international scholars will investigate how European trade goods that flowed into the Maya world transformed indigenous political systems before the Spanish conquest by weakening central authority and increasing factionization. This research will involve two seasons of archaeological excavation and laboratory analysis in Petén, Guatemala. Team members will include professors and students from the United States and Guatemala.Contact and colonialism are often imagined as indigenous vs. settler/colonist relationships, but cultural entanglements are rarely, if ever, so straightforward. Both native and interloper groups can include factions whose varied intentions play critical roles in the power relations that emerge during situations of contact. During such entanglements, factional struggles transcend boundaries, as factions compete with one another while possibly allied with outsiders. Competing factions have varied perspectives and goals in the aftermath of conquest. It is through such divergent objectives that one might gain a glimpse of the agency involved in the colonial process. This project will investigate these complex negotiations of power, as they are manifest in material culture at two sites in Petén, Guatemala: Nixtun-Ch'ich' and Muralla de Leon. The project will pay particular attention to the shifting role of European material culture in the Itza socio-political system from the Contact period (A.D. 1525-1697) through the early Spanish Colonial period (A.D. 1697-1750), and the effect of Spanish conquest and subsequent colonialism upon Maya social organization and political power. Through the examination of the practices of restriction and redistribution of European items, the work will illuminate something of the value of these objects. The study of restrictions of use and redistribution by Maya elite of iron, glass, and other European objects will reveal how colonial objects can be strategically appropriated and rejected in the course of contact. The project will reveal how contact and conquest transforms internal social relations leading to factionization, the creation of new alliances, and transformation of power networks. The research will make a number of broader impacts including the training of both U.S. and Guatemalan students. Dr. Pugh has a longstanding relationship with Centro Universitario del Petén (CUDEP) and will support CUDEP students' efforts to complete research practicums and theses at various levels. This particular impact is critical as students from Petén do not have the resources to undertake and complete their research without external collaborations. Graduate students from The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, and other universities will also be supported and will conduct advanced research leading to graduate degrees. Qualified undergraduates from Queens College will also have the opportunity to participate in the project and learn about archaeological methods and research design.