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An Examination of the Long Term Relationship between Urban Planning and Social Control

城市规划与社会控制之间长期关系的审视

基本信息

批准号：
1734036
负责人：
Timothy Pugh
金额：
$ 24.97万
依托单位：
CUNY Queens College
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
Standard Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
2017-09-01 至 2020-02-29
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1734036&HistoricalAwards=false
关键词：
Examination Long Term Relationship between

项目摘要

Dr. Timothy Pugh and a team of scholars from the United States and Guatemala will investigate the emergence of cities among the ancient Maya between 800 and 400 BC. The majority of people worldwide currently live in cities, yet little is known about what cities do or how they initially formed. Balancing complex social interactions, transportation, and urban planning needs is critical to the success of cities in the present as well as the past. However, such balancing becomes even more complex during the emergence of social inequality and occupational specialization. Archaeology allows the study of social phenomena over long periods of time and without historical documents. Thus, this research will contribute to understanding the long-term relationships between central administration and cities: What roles did cities play in helping societies adapt to emerging social complexity? How does the development of central leadership relate to urban planning? What are the long-term dynamics of tensions between public and private spaces? How do such dynamics relate to the emergence of social inequality? The project explores the invention of what is currently the earliest known urban grid in the Americas at the lowland Maya site of Nixtun-Chich in Peten, northern Guatemala. How did such complex city planning emerge in an area without a tradition of such planning? Nixtun-Chich is also the only Maya city known to have an urban grid. Why were urban grids not as successful among the Maya as they were among the ancient Chinese, Indus Valley, and Greek civilizations? In sum, the project will examine how cities can act as a sort of administrative tool to organize increasingly large and socioeconomically diverse populations. This research will train both United States and Guatemalan students and will support student efforts to complete research practicums and theses at various levels. Project results will be published in English and Spanish in books and journals, and presented at conferences in Guatemala, the United States, and elsewhere. Information will be uploaded to an ongoing website (http://www.itzaarchaeology.com/), which summarizes project findings.In the Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica, the typical city includes low-density urban settlement. However, between 800 and 500 BC, Nixtun-Chich developed a unique urban grid formed by a series of perpendicular corridors and was densely settled. This research project will test the hypothesis that the settlement of Nixtun-Chich was rationalized through a gridded layout to organize and manage an increasingly large and complex population. The project will also investigate whether private space began to impinge upon public space by the end of the Middle Preclassic period (400/300 BC) at the city, perhaps leading to social dissipation and ultimately dispersion. These propositions will be tested through a multiyear archaeological program of extensive excavations in the urban grid. This research will make a number of broader impacts. The knowledge of the diversity, successes, and failures of ancient cities can contribute to modern discussions of urbanization and policymaking. The proposed work will add some historical depth to understanding the importance of a positive balance of social interactivity, transportation costs, and settlement patterns, which is critical for sensible policymaking. Accordingly, the work has the potential to illuminate the social functions of public goods and the potential drawbacks of privatization.

Timothy Pugh博士和来自美国和危地马拉的一组学者将调查公元前800年至400年之间古玛雅城市的出现。目前，世界上大多数人都生活在城市中，但人们对城市的作用以及它们最初是如何形成的知之甚少。平衡复杂的社会互动、交通和城市规划需求对于城市现在和过去的成功至关重要。然而，这种平衡在社会不平等和职业专业化的出现中变得更加复杂。考古学允许在没有历史文献的情况下研究长期的社会现象。因此，这项研究将有助于理解中央政府和城市之间的长期关系：城市在帮助社会适应新出现的社会复杂性方面发挥了什么作用？中央领导班子的发展与城市规划有何关联？公共空间和私人空间之间的紧张关系的长期动态是什么？这种动态与社会不平等的出现有何关系？该项目探讨了目前已知的最早的城市网格在美洲的低地玛雅遗址Nixtun-Chich在佩滕，北方危地马拉的发明。如此复杂的城市规划是如何出现在一个没有这种规划传统的地区的？Nixtun-Chich也是唯一一个拥有城市网格的玛雅城市。为什么玛雅文明的城市网格不如古代中国、印度河流域和希腊文明的城市网格那么成功？总之，该项目将研究城市如何作为一种行政工具，组织日益庞大和社会经济多样化的人口。这项研究将培训美国和危地马拉的学生，并将支持学生努力完成各级的研究实习和论文。项目成果将以英文和西班牙文在书籍和期刊上发表，并在危地马拉、美国和其他地方的会议上介绍。信息将上载到一个现有网站（http：//www.itzaarchaeology.com/），该网站概述了项目的调查结果。然而，在公元前800年至公元前500年之间，Nixtun-Chich发展了一个独特的城市网格，由一系列垂直的走廊形成，人口稠密。这个研究项目将检验一个假设，即Nixtun-Chich的定居是通过网格化的布局来组织和管理日益庞大和复杂的人口。该项目还将调查私人空间是否在中前古典时期（公元前400/300年）结束时开始影响城市的公共空间，可能导致社会耗散并最终分散。这些主张将通过在城市网格中进行广泛挖掘的多年考古计划进行测试。这项研究将产生一些更广泛的影响。了解古代城市的多样性、成功和失败，有助于现代城市化和政策制定的讨论。拟议的工作将增加一些历史深度，以了解社会互动，交通成本和定居模式的积极平衡的重要性，这是明智的决策至关重要。因此，这项工作有可能阐明公共物品的社会功能和私有化的潜在弊端。