THE DRIVE TO SURVIVE: COPEPODS vs ICHTHYOPLANKTON

生存的动力：桡足类与浮游鱼类

• 批准号: 1235549
• 负责人: Petra Lenz
• 金额: $ 54.24万
• 依托单位: University of Hawaii
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2012
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2012-09-01 至 2018-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1235549&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: DRIVE; SURVIVE; COPEPODS; vs; ICHTHYOPLANKTON

This study will experimentally elucidate the dynamics of predator evasion by different species and life stages of copepod responding to a model larval fish predator. The PIs will use standard and high-speed videographic and cutting-edge holographic techniques. Predator-prey interactions within planktonic communities are key to understanding how energy is transferred within complex marine food webs. Of particular interest are those between the highly numerous copepods and one of their more important predators, the ichthyoplankton (the planktonic larval stages of fishes). The larvae of most fishes are planktivorous and heavily dependent on copepods for food. In general, evasion success increases with age in copepods and decreases with the age of the fish predator. How this plays out in detail is critical in determining predatory attack outcomes and the effect these have on predator and prey survival. To address this problem, different copepod developmental stages will be tested against several levels of predator competence, and the results examined for: 1) the success or failure of attacks for different combinations of predator and prey age class; 2) the kinematics (reaction latencies and trajectory orientation) for escape attempts, successful and unsuccessful, for different age classes of copepod; 3) the hydrodynamic cues generated by different ages and attack strategies of the predator and the sensitivity of different prey stages to these cues; and 4) the success or failure of the predatory approach and attack strategies at each prey stage. The data obtained will be used to inform key issues of zooplankton population dynamics. For the prey these include: predator-evasion capabilities and importance of detection ability, reaction speed, escape speed, escape orientation, and trajectory irregularity; for the predator they are: capabilities and importance of mouth gape size, stealthiness, hydrodynamic disturbance production, and lunge kinematics. The broader impacts of this project will be 1) improved scientific insight into predator-prey dynamics as they affect the world's fisheries; 2) training of undergraduates, including underrepresented groups, in research (the University of Hawaii at Manoa is a minority-serving institution, and the P.I. is co-director of the UH Minority Access to Research Program, which provides ready access to qualified undergraduates); 3) training undergraduates and graduate students in outreach activities that educate K-12 age children in biodiversity within marine systems, the role of nervous systems in animal behavior, and the scientific method in their study; 4) a technology-oriented outreach and undergraduate education project focused on drawing high-school and early undergraduates into the appreciation of the wonders of animal behavior as revealed by slow-motion (high-speed video) techniques.

这项研究将通过实验阐明不同物种和不同生命阶段的桡足类对模型幼鱼捕食者的反应，以逃避捕食者的动态。 PI 将使用标准高速摄像和尖端全息技术。浮游生物群落中捕食者与被捕食者的相互作用是了解能量如何在复杂的海洋食物网中转移的关键。特别令人感兴趣的是数量众多的桡足类动物和它们更重要的捕食者之一——浮游鱼类（鱼类的浮游幼虫阶段）之间的关系。大多数鱼类的幼虫都是食浮游生物的，严重依赖桡足类食物。一般来说，桡足类动物的逃避成功率随着年龄的增长而增加，而随着鱼类捕食者年龄的增长而降低。具体如何发挥作用对于确定捕食者攻击结果及其对捕食者和猎物生存的影响至关重要。为了解决这个问题，将针对不同级别的捕食者能力对不同桡足类发育阶段进行测试，并检查结果：1）针对捕食者和猎物年龄级别的不同组合的攻击的成功或失败； 2）对于不同年龄段的桡足类动物，成功和不成功的逃跑尝试的运动学（反应延迟和轨迹方向）； 3）捕食者不同年龄和攻击策略产生的水动力线索以及不同被捕食阶段对这些线索的敏感性； 4）每个被捕食阶段的捕食方法和攻击策略的成功或失败。获得的数据将用于了解浮游动物种群动态的关键问题。 对于猎物来说，这些包括：躲避捕食者的能力和检测能力的重要性、反应速度、逃逸速度、逃逸方向和轨迹不规则性；对于捕食者来说，它们是：张嘴大小的能力和重要性、隐秘性、水动力扰动的产生以及弓步运动学。该项目的更广泛影响将是：1）提高对捕食者-被捕食者动态影响的科学洞察，因为它们影响世界渔业； 2) 对本科生（包括代表性不足的群体）进行研究培训（夏威夷大学马诺阿分校是一所为少数族裔服务的机构，P.I. 是夏威夷州少数族裔研究项目的联合主任，该项目为合格的本科生提供了便利的机会）； 3) 在外展活动中对本科生和研究生进行培训，让 K-12 年龄段的儿童了解海洋系统内的生物多样性、神经系统在动物行为中的作用以及研究中的科学方法； 4) 一个以技术为导向的推广和本科生教育项目，重点是吸引高中生和早期本科生欣赏慢动作（高速视频）技术所揭示的动物行为奇迹。