Maize Artificial Chromosomes

这个项目的总体目标是在植物中人工染色体技术。人工染色体有可能将有益于农业和基础植物基因组学研究的基因堆叠在一个独立的染色体上，可以按照规格进行。 将开发向现有人工染色体平台添加新基因的程序，这些程序可以永久地继续进行修改。第二，将测试允许比目前可能的更大数量的基因以单个增量添加到微型染色体中的方法。第三，将人工染色体与单倍体育种相结合，更有效地将微染色体导入多个新品种。第四，将进行花粉选择试验，以最大限度地将人工染色体从一代传递到下一代。人工或工程改造的微型染色体具有提供转基因整合到植物基因组中的预定位点的潜力，而不是目前使用的植物转化的随机性质。靶向插入将避免通常由不受控制的整合导致的潜在诱变效应和基因沉默。 此外，现在存在的潜力是，决定几种植物特征的许多不同基因可以同时转化到一个微型染色体上，该微型染色体可以进一步修饰，并且不依赖于正常染色体。随着人工染色体的使用，应该有可能引入完整的生物化学途径，为植物添加新的特性，这将有助于最大限度地提高最终产量，或者将植物用作廉价生产有用蛋白质或代谢物的工厂。对于基础研究，人工染色体提供了生成染色体的方法，这将促进染色体行为和基因表达等学科的研究。地球上可耕地的数量已经稳定了一段时间，但全球人口继续增加。 如果世界生活水平要保持现状或提高，农业生产的粮食数量需要在未来几十年内增加。解决这个问题需要许多新的发展，但操纵植物基因组的新方法被认为是一个主要贡献者 努力 的 发展 的 植物 人工 染色体 平台 和 它们的增强可能有助于解决这个问题。开发的程序应易于适应其他植物物种，从而可以作为一个模型系统转移给他们。 培训将涉及植物基因组学和生物技术方面的各种本科生和研究生。 关于该项目及其成果的信息可在项目网站（http：//www.example.com）和MaizeGDB上查阅。maizeminichromosomes.missouri.edu 其中包括关于项目目标、成果、参与者、出版物以及所产生的生物资源（如病媒和玉米品系）和产生这些资源所使用的规程的详细信息。 此外，还可通过项目网站MaizeGDB和ResearchGate（http：//www.researchgate.net/）查阅介绍该项目所涉技术的YouTube视频链接。

The overall goal of this project is to artificial chromosome technology in plants. Artificial chromosomes have the potential to stack genes of benefit to agriculture and basic plant genomics studies on an independent chromosome that can be made to specification. Procedures to add new genes to pre-existing artificial chromosome platforms will be developed that can continue to make amendments in perpetuity. Secondly, methods will be tested that allow much larger numbers of genes to be added to a minichromosome in a single increment than is currently possible. Thirdly, the combination of artificial chromosomes with haploid breeding to introduce the minichromosomes into multiple new varieties more efficiently will be developed. Fourthly, a test of pollen selection to maximize the transmission of artificial chromosomes from one generation to the next will be conducted. Artificial or engineered minichromosomes have the potential to provide a pre-determined site of transgene integration into a plant genome rather than the random nature of plant transformation that is currently used. The targeted insertion will avoid the potential mutagenic effect and gene silencing that often results from uncontrolled integrations. Moreover, the potential now exists that many different genes determining several plant characteristics can be transformed at once onto a minichromosome that can be further modified and that is independent of the normal chromosomes. With the use of artificial chromosomes it should be possible to introduce whole biochemical pathways to add new properties to plants that would facilitate maximizing the ultimate yield or to use plants as factories for the inexpensive production of useful proteins or metabolites. For basic studies, artificial chromosomes provide the means to generate chromosomes to specification that will facilitate the study of chromosome behavior and gene expression among other subjects.The amount of arable land on earth has been static for some time but the global population continues to increase. If the world standard of living is to remain as is or improve, the amount of food produced by agricultural endeavors will need to increase over the coming decades. Many new developments will be needed to address this issue but novel means of manipulating plant genomes is thought to be a major contributor to this effort. The development of plant artificial chromosome platforms and their enhancement might help with this problem. The procedures developed should be easily adapted to other plant species and thus can serve as a model system for transfer to them. Training will involve diverse undergraduate and graduate students in plant genomics and biotechnology. Information about this project and its outcomes can be accessed at the project website (http://maizeminichromosomes.missouri.edu) and MaizeGDB. These include detailed information about project objectives, results, participants, publications as well as biological resources produced such as vectors and maize lines and the protocols used to generate them. In addition, links to YouTube videos illustrating the techniques involved in the project will be accessible through the project website, MaizeGDB and ResearchGate (http://www.researchgate.net/).