Social Network Analysis And The Reconstruction Of Past Events

社会科学家需要更好地理解多尺度的社会互动导致社区和社会等更大社会群体的出现和整合的过程。这些过程并不局限于现代社会，在史前环境中研究它们可以加深对这些过程的理解。Mark A.博士凯文·希尔Nolan和Mark F. Seeman寻求了解社会世界的史前群体通常被称为“俄亥俄州霍普韦尔。”霍普韦尔（CA。公元50年-公元350年）已经吸引了学者和公众超过一个世纪。本研究应用社会网络分析（SNA），以发现不同的规模和性质的互动，这将使可变组成员在俄亥俄州霍普韦尔的纹理重建。这不仅有助于了解史前史的广泛范围和塑造过去的特定社会现实，而且还将更好地了解人类社会群体的整体性。没有一个“霍普韦尔”;许多霍普韦尔相关群体的特点是参与各种信息和商品交换网络。在明确和强大的分类和分析方法被应用于理解社会互动和整合之前，研究人员将无法掌握每个覆盖网络的复杂性，细节和意义。SNA已成功地用于世界各地的人种学和考古学研究，现在是开始解开形成俄亥俄州霍普韦尔的复杂网络的最合适的工具。SNA为重建各群体之间的联系提供了一套可靠和客观的定量方法，在这里的应用将是该区域的第一次，也是北美东部的第一次。本研究假设，什么福尔斯属于“俄亥俄州霍普韦尔”的标题下是一系列分散的家庭集群选择参与网络在一些相关的，但不同的规模。俄亥俄州Hopewell的划分方法很多，但一直没有一致的或重复的网络分类方法或结论。作为第一步，研究的重点是俄亥俄州霍普韦尔社区内的Scioto河流域中南部俄亥俄州。该项目分析了三个明确的空间尺度的相互作用，通过结合微观和宏观的风格属性，和原材料来源分析。(1)地方/社区一级的目标是一系列陶瓷生产特征，这些特征将通过文化交流和学徒制学习，但不容易被外人看到（微观风格）。(2)通过分析外部可观察（宏观风格）并可在社区之间传播的石器原料比例和陶瓷容器元素的分布，以区域/社区间水平为目标。(3)通过激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法获取稀有的外来材料（铜、银），以区域外的相互作用规模为目标。通过这种多标量方法，该项目将建立一个更大的俄亥俄州霍普韦尔网络是如何自下而上，由家庭和社区构建的详细图片。

Social scientists need to better understand the processes through which social interactions at multiple scales lead to the emergence and integration of larger social groups such as communities and societies. These processes are not limited to modern societies, and studying them in prehistoric contexts adds a deeper understanding of these processes. Drs. Mark A. Hill, Kevin C. Nolan, and Mark F. Seeman seek to understand the social world of prehistoric groups commonly referred to as "Ohio Hopewell." Hopewell (ca. 50 AD-350 AD) has captivated scholars and the public alike for over a century. This study applies Social Network Analysis (SNA) to discover the differing scales and nature of interaction that will allow a reconstruction of the texture of variable group membership in Ohio Hopewell. This will not only help to understand the broad sweep of prehistory and the specific social realities that molded the past, but will also provide a better understanding of the integration of human social groups in general.There is no one "Hopewell"; the many Hopewell-linked groups are characterized by variable participation in a variety of information and goods exchange networks. Until explicit and robust methods of classification and analysis are applied to understanding social interaction and integration, researchers will be unable to grasp the complexity, detail, and meaning of each overlying network. SNA has been successfully used in ethnographic and archaeological research around the world, and is now the most appropriate tool for beginning to disentangle the complex web that forms Ohio Hopewell. SNA offers a robust and objective set of quantitative methods for reconstructing connections among groups and its application here will be the first in the region, and among the first in eastern North America. This study, assumes that what falls under the "Ohio Hopewell" rubric is a series of dispersed family clusters choosing to participate variably in networks at a number of related, but distinct scales. Many divisions of Ohio Hopewell have been proposed; however, there has been no consistent or replicated method or conclusion of network classification. As a first step, the research focuses on Ohio Hopewell communities within the Scioto River watershed of southcentral Ohio. The project analyzes three explicit spatial scales of interaction through a combination of micro- and macro-stylistic attributes, and raw material source analysis. (1) The local/community level is targeted by a series of ceramic production traits which would be learned through enculturation and apprenticeships but not readily visible to outsiders (micro-style). (2) The regional/intercommunity level is targeted by analyzing the distribution of lithic raw material proportions and ceramic vessel elements that are externally observable (macro-style) and can be transmitted among communities. (3) The extra-regional scale of interaction is targeted by the sourcing of rare exotic materials (copper, silver) via Laser Ablation Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrometry.There will be patterns (and potentially many) at each scale. With this multi-scalar approach, the project will build a detailed picture of how the larger Ohio Hopewell networks are constructed from the bottom up, by families and communities.