Coordination, Data Management and Enhancement of the International Arctic Buoy Programme

在过去的二十年里，北极气候发生了巨大的变化。这些变化中的许多都是利用国际北极浮标计划（IABP）的数据首次观察和研究的，该计划在北冰洋维护着至少100个浮标，收集有关地表水温度、气温、大气压力和冰运动的数据。这些数据由美国IABP进行分析并提供给研究界。IABP数据是证明近几十年来大气压力下降、气温上升以及北冰洋洋流和冰的顺时针环流减弱的基础。所有这些变化的综合作用促成了这一时期观测到的海冰平均年龄（厚度）的急剧下降。这些数据帮助我们了解最近创纪录的夏季海冰范围。该项目将继续美国机构间北极浮标方案，该方案于1979年开始收集数据，并提供其他方法无法获得的关键大气、冰和海洋表面测量数据。该项目还有一个多方面的外展计划，与公众分享科学，其中包括首席研究员参加极地科学周末、公开演讲、K-12学校参观以及通过与记者互动进行公众交流等项目。来自IABP的观测对于以下方面至关重要：1)监测北极和全球气候变化；2)预报天气和海冰状况；3)强迫、同化和验证全球天气和气候模式；4)验证由卫星推导的海冰运动、表面温度、海冰厚度等估算。我们预测天气和海冰状况的能力需要对地表气象和冰的运动进行现场观测。这些观测结果被吸收到数值天气预报模式中，用于在天气时间尺度上预报天气，例如由国家气象局；并用于许多长期的大气再分析（例如国家环境预测中心/国家大气研究中心的再分析），这些再分析被用于无数的气候研究。根据1974年美国国家科学院的建议，美国太平洋科学中心/华盛顿大学应用物理实验室于1978年建立了北冰洋浮标计划，以支持全球天气实验。该方案在各机构的资助下持续到1990年。1991年，IABP接替了北冰洋浮标计划，但基本目标保持不变：维持北冰洋漂流浮标网络，为实时业务需求和研究目的提供气象和海洋学数据，包括支持世界气候研究计划、世界天气监视计划和北极观测网。该项目将收集所有北极浮标的数据，分析、传播和存档所有IABP数据，并维护历史数据库。

Dramatic changes in Arctic climate have occurred during the past two decades. Many of these changes were first observed and studied using data from the International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP), which maintains at least 100 buoys in the Arctic Ocean that collect data on surface water temperature, air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and ice motion. These data are analyzed and made available to the research community by the United States IABP. IABP data were fundamental in demonstrating that atmospheric pressure has decreased, air temperature has increased, and the clockwise circulation of current and ice in the Arctic Ocean has weakened in recent decades. The integrated effect of all these changes contributed to the precipitous decrease in the average age (thickness) of sea ice observed during this period. The data help us understand the recent record low summer sea ice extents. The project will continue the United States interagency Arctic buoy program which began collecting data in 1979 and provide critical atmospheric, ice, and surface ocean measurements that cannot be obtained by other means. The project also has a multifaceted outreach program to share science with the public that includes the principal investigator participating in programs such as the Polar Science Weekend, public presentations, K-12 school visits, and public communication through interactions with journalists. The observations from the IABP have been essential for: 1) monitoring Arctic and global climate change, 2) forecasting weather and sea ice conditions, 3) forcing, assimilation, and validation of global weather and climate models and, 4) validation of satellite derived estimates of sea ice motion, surface temperature, sea ice thickness, etc. Our ability to predict weather and sea ice conditions requires in situ observations of surface meteorology and ice motion. These observations are assimilated into Numerical Weather Prediction models that are used to forecast weather on synoptic time scales, e.g. by the National Weather Service; and into the many long-term atmospheric re-analyses (e.g. National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research re-analysis) that are used for innumerable climate studies. Based on a recommendation by the National Academy of Sciences in 1974, the Arctic Ocean Buoy Program was established by the Pacific Science Center/Applied Physics laboratory, University of Washington, in 1978 to support the Global Weather Experiment. The program continued through 1990 under funding from various agencies. In 1991, the IABP succeeded the Arctic Ocean Buoy Program, but the basic objective remains unchanged: maintaining a network of drifting buoys on the Arctic Ocean to provide meteorological and oceanographic data for real-time operational requirements and research purposes including support to the World Climate Research Program, the World Weather Watch Program, and the Arctic Observing Network. The project will collect data from all Arctic buoys, analyze, disseminate, and archive all IABP data, and maintain historical data bases.