RAPID: Severe Drought and Historical Extreme Flood (October 1-4, 2015) Regime in South Carolina: Assessment of the Water Quality Situation

1602451米什拉南卡罗莱纳州最近经历了严重干旱，随后发生了2015年10月1日引发的极端洪水。前几个月的大范围干旱加上历史上的极端降雨事件，可能会改变农村、农业和城市流域的水质动态。具体而言，降水不足可能导致污染物在土壤中沉积。在极端降雨事件及随后的洪水期间，这些污染物被排放到水道中，导致城市地区的积水可能导致严重的水质问题。干旱和洪水状况可能会根据该州的农村、农业和城市景观模式对水质产生不同影响。预计极端事件的组合只会增加，因此需要进一步了解这些极端降雨和洪水事件如何影响水质动态。这个快速项目的目标是收集易腐水质相关数据，这将导致加强了解，特别是关于这些越来越频繁的干旱和洪水极端组合如何影响不同类型景观的水质。鉴于需要快速获取环境相关数据（例如，城市滞洪沃茨的质量是易腐数据），调查人员将部署快速反应小组，以迅速记录这些极端洪水的实时后果。活动范围包括：（a）在最近的历史性洪水事件之后，从农村和农业为主的流域收集水质样本，以确定极端气候与水质参数之间的关系;（B）收集关于城市滞洪沃茨的数据，其中可能含有石油、化学品和污水，是一个公共卫生问题，供实验室分析;以及c）进行敏感性分析，以确定在从干旱到洪水的快速过渡期间受影响最大的水质参数。干旱和洪水极端事件对水质的综合影响目前尚不清楚。这项研究将带来关于旱涝周期对城市、农村和农业流域水质影响的新知识。易腐数据可用于改进基于极端事件情景组合的水质模型校准。预计该项目将增进关于旱涝对环境可持续性影响的现有知识。研究结果可应用于南部和西南部各州的城市流域（例如，美国的德克萨斯州和加州），因为频繁的干旱和洪水事件的组合。

1602451MishraSouth Carolina has recently experienced a severe drought followed by an extreme flooding that was initiated October 1, 2015. The combination of the extensive drought from the previous months followed by the historical extreme rainfall event will likely change the water quality dynamics in rural, agricultural, and urban watersheds. Specifically, the deficit in precipitation has likely led to the deposition of pollutants within the soil. During the extreme rain event and subsequent flooding, these pollutants have been discharged into waterways, with the result that stagnant water in urban areas may lead to serious issues of water quality. The drought-flood regime may affect water quality differently based on rural, agriculture and urban landscape patterns of the state. The combination of extreme events is expected only to increase, resulting in the need to advance understanding as to how these extreme rain and flooding events affect the dynamics of water quality. The objective of this RAPID project is to collect perishable water quality related data that will lead to enhanced understanding, particularly regarding how these ever more frequent combination of droughts and floods extremes affect water quality in different types of landscape. Given the need for fast acquisition of environmental related data (e.g. the quality of urban stagnant flood waters are data that are perishable) the investigators will deploy rapid response teams to document quickly these real-time consequences of extreme floods. The scope of activities includes: a) collect water quality samples from rural and agriculture dominated watersheds following this recent historical flood event, to establish relationship between climate extremes and water quality parameters; b) collect data on stagnant urban flood waters, which may contain oil, chemicals and sewage that are a public health concern, for laboratory analysis; and c) perform sensitivity analysis to identify the water quality parameters that are mostly affected during this rapid transition from drought to flood. The combined impact of drought and flood extremes on water quality is currently not well understood. This research will bring new knowledge on the effects of drought-flood cycle on water quality at urban, rural and agricultural watersheds. The perishable data can be used to improve water quality model calibration based on a combination of extreme events scenarios. This project is anticipated to advance current knowledge on drought-flood impacts on environmental sustainability. Research findings can be applied to urban watersheds in southern and also south-western states (e.g., Texas and California) of the U.S. because of frequent combination of drought and flood events.