RAPID: Severe Drought and Historical Extreme Flood (October 1-4, 2015) Regime in South Carolina: Assessment of the Water Quality Situation

南卡罗来纳州最近经历了一场严重的干旱，随后是一场始于2015年10月1日的极端洪水。前几个月的大面积干旱加上历史上的极端降雨事件，可能会改变农村、农业和城市流域的水质动态。具体来说，降水不足可能导致污染物在土壤中沉积。在极端降雨事件和随后的洪水期间，这些污染物被排放到水道中，其结果是城市地区的积水可能导致严重的水质问题。旱涝状况对水质的影响可能因州的农村、农业和城市景观格局而异。极端事件的组合预计只会增加，因此需要提高对这些极端降雨和洪水事件如何影响水质动态的理解。RAPID项目的目标是收集易腐烂的水质相关数据，这些数据将有助于加深理解，特别是关于日益频繁的干旱和洪水极端组合如何影响不同类型景观的水质。考虑到需要快速获取与环境相关的数据（例如，城市滞洪水的质量是易腐烂的数据），调查人员将部署快速反应小组，以快速记录极端洪水的这些实时后果。活动范围包括：a)在最近的历史洪水事件之后，从农村和农业主导的流域收集水质样本，建立极端气候与水质参数之间的关系；B)收集城市积水的数据，这些积水可能含有影响公共卫生的石油、化学品和污水，供实验室分析；c)进行敏感性分析，以确定在从干旱到洪水的快速转变过程中受影响最大的水质参数。干旱和洪水对水质的综合影响目前还没有得到很好的理解。该研究将为研究旱涝循环对城市、农村和农业流域水质的影响带来新的认识。易变质数据可用于改进基于极端事件情景组合的水质模型校准。预计该项目将提高目前关于旱灾对环境可持续性影响的认识。研究结果可以应用于美国南部和西南部各州（如德克萨斯州和加利福尼亚州）的城市流域，因为干旱和洪水事件频繁结合。

1602451MishraSouth Carolina has recently experienced a severe drought followed by an extreme flooding that was initiated October 1, 2015. The combination of the extensive drought from the previous months followed by the historical extreme rainfall event will likely change the water quality dynamics in rural, agricultural, and urban watersheds. Specifically, the deficit in precipitation has likely led to the deposition of pollutants within the soil. During the extreme rain event and subsequent flooding, these pollutants have been discharged into waterways, with the result that stagnant water in urban areas may lead to serious issues of water quality. The drought-flood regime may affect water quality differently based on rural, agriculture and urban landscape patterns of the state. The combination of extreme events is expected only to increase, resulting in the need to advance understanding as to how these extreme rain and flooding events affect the dynamics of water quality. The objective of this RAPID project is to collect perishable water quality related data that will lead to enhanced understanding, particularly regarding how these ever more frequent combination of droughts and floods extremes affect water quality in different types of landscape. Given the need for fast acquisition of environmental related data (e.g. the quality of urban stagnant flood waters are data that are perishable) the investigators will deploy rapid response teams to document quickly these real-time consequences of extreme floods. The scope of activities includes: a) collect water quality samples from rural and agriculture dominated watersheds following this recent historical flood event, to establish relationship between climate extremes and water quality parameters; b) collect data on stagnant urban flood waters, which may contain oil, chemicals and sewage that are a public health concern, for laboratory analysis; and c) perform sensitivity analysis to identify the water quality parameters that are mostly affected during this rapid transition from drought to flood. The combined impact of drought and flood extremes on water quality is currently not well understood. This research will bring new knowledge on the effects of drought-flood cycle on water quality at urban, rural and agricultural watersheds. The perishable data can be used to improve water quality model calibration based on a combination of extreme events scenarios. This project is anticipated to advance current knowledge on drought-flood impacts on environmental sustainability. Research findings can be applied to urban watersheds in southern and also south-western states (e.g., Texas and California) of the U.S. because of frequent combination of drought and flood events.