CHS: Small: An Integrated Editing Environment for 3D Printing

CHS：Small：3D 打印的集成编辑环境

• 批准号: 1716413
• 负责人: Stefanie Mueller
• 金额: $ 45.29万
• 依托单位: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-08-15 至 2021-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1716413&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: CHS; Small; Integrated; Editing; Environment

3D printing is rapidly becoming accessible and affordable, and may someday support a variety of manufacturing, craft, and creative jobs. However, a number of barriers remain to its more widespread use. One key barrier is the sequential nature of 3D printing workflows, in particular, the gap between modeling of the the shape to be printed and "slicing", developing a plan to create the model on a given 3D printing device. Most 3D printing tools separate these steps, which can cause wasteful printing or fundamental design problems if there is no easy way to render a particular model using a given device's capabilities; these problems are especially vexing for novice makers. This project will develop tools that provide both modeling and slicing capabilities and interfaces that help designers better consider device constraints and choose appropriate devices for their models. The team will leverage existing research on making slicing tools more efficient and ideas from how 2D design programs incorporate printer characteristics to address a number of challenges in integrating modeling and slicing. These include the need to rapidly generate slicing plans for a number of possible 3D printers, present feedback about potential problems that supports designers without overwhelming them, suggest alternative designs that address those problems, and understand how integrating these constraints affects designers' processes and abilities. In the course of the work, the team will produce a comprehensive catalog of 3D printing device characteristics that will support other research and design work in this space, as well as classes that will use the integrated tools to better teach the relationship between design decisions and design outcomes. The team will first classify different fabrication processes, devices, and materials available for 3D printing, then systematically analyze which fabrication parameters are useful to know about during 3D editing. They will both review existing products and manuals as well as interview experienced users about problems with fabrication that most affect their modeling, and develop a library of extensible, human- and machine-readable .xml files that incorporate these most relevant constraints. They will then study effective interaction models for such an integrated 3D editing environment. This includes both (1) how to present information about fabrication constraints, comparing the effectiveness of overlaid or parallel views of the rendered object alongside the 3D model mesh versus textual or audio warnings and (2) ways fabrication constraints might be embedded into how the tools work with users, such as snapping to grids based on the resolution of a selected device. Finally, they will explore how these interactions and tools might support seamless switching between different fabrication devices and plans for multiple-device environments such as makerspaces and fabrication labs. This entails developing semantic but device-independent annotations of a model's functional requirements as well as methods for generating and metrics for comparing a number of fabrication plans in order to suggest effective ones for a particular model. The goal is to leverage locality of design changes to make those methods fast enough to use not just at the end of modeling, but as a model is being constructed, allowing tools to present information about design choices that rule out or favor particular fabrication possibilities and the associated costs in time, materials, and money.

3D打印正在迅速变得可访问和负担得起，并可能有一天支持各种制造，工艺和创造性工作。 然而，在其更广泛的使用方面仍然存在一些障碍。 一个关键的障碍是3D打印工作流程的顺序性，特别是要打印的形状的建模和“切片”之间的差距，开发计划以在给定的3D打印设备上创建模型。 大多数3D打印工具将这些步骤分开，如果没有简单的方法使用给定设备的功能渲染特定模型，这可能会导致浪费打印或基本设计问题;这些问题对于新手制造者来说尤其令人烦恼。 该项目将开发提供建模和切片功能的工具，以及帮助设计人员更好地考虑器件约束并为其模型选择合适器件的接口。该团队将利用现有的研究，使切片工具更有效，以及2D设计程序如何结合打印机特性的想法，以解决集成建模和切片的许多挑战。这些包括需要为许多可能的3D打印机快速生成切片计划，提供有关潜在问题的反馈，以支持设计师而不会压倒他们，建议解决这些问题的替代设计，并了解整合这些约束如何影响设计师的流程和能力。在工作过程中，该团队将制作一个全面的3D打印设备特征目录，以支持该领域的其他研究和设计工作，以及使用集成工具更好地教授设计决策和设计结果之间关系的课程。该团队将首先对可用于3D打印的不同制造工艺、设备和材料进行分类，然后系统地分析在3D编辑过程中需要了解哪些制造参数。他们将审查现有的产品和手册，并采访有经验的用户，了解最影响他们建模的制造问题，并开发一个可扩展的，人类和机器可读的.xml文件库，其中包含这些最相关的约束。然后，他们将研究这种集成3D编辑环境的有效交互模型。这包括（1）如何呈现关于制造约束的信息，比较3D模型网格旁边的渲染对象的重叠或平行视图与文本或音频警告的有效性，以及（2）制造约束可能嵌入到工具如何与用户一起工作的方式，例如基于所选设备的分辨率捕捉到网格。 最后，他们将探索这些交互和工具如何支持不同制造设备之间的无缝切换，以及多设备环境（如创客空间和制造实验室）的计划。这需要开发模型功能要求的语义但与设备无关的注释，以及用于生成和比较多个制造计划的度量的方法，以便为特定模型建议有效的制造计划。我们的目标是利用设计变更的局部性，使这些方法足够快，不仅可以在建模结束时使用，而且可以在构建模型时使用，允许工具提供有关设计选择的信息，这些设计选择排除或支持特定的制造可能性以及相关的时间，材料和金钱成本。

项目成果

LaserFactory: A Laser Cutter-based Electromechanical Assembly and Fabrication Platform to Make Functional Devices & Robots

LaserFactory：基于激光切割机的机电组装和制造平台，用于制造功能器件

• DOI: 10.1145/3411764.3445692
• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: ACM Conference on Computer Human Interaction
• 作者: Nisser, Martin;Liao, Christina Chen;Chai, Yuchen;Adhikari, Aradhana;Hodges, Steve;Mueller, Stefanie
• 通讯作者: Mueller, Stefanie

Fabricaide: Fabrication-Aware Design for 2D Cutting Machines

• DOI: 10.1145/3411764.3445345
• 发表时间: 2021-05
• 期刊: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
• 作者: Ticha Sethapakdi;Daniel Anderson;Adrian Reginald Chua Sy;Stefanie Müller

SensiCut: Material-Aware Laser Cutting Using Speckle Sensing.

SensiCut：使用散斑传感的材料感知激光切割。

• 发表时间: 2021
• 期刊: ACM User Interface Software and Technology
• 作者: Dogan, M.D.

MorphSensor: A 3D Electronic Design Tool for Reforming Sensor Modules

MorphSensor：用于改造传感器模块的 3D 电子设计工具

• DOI: 10.1145/3379337.3415898
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: ACM Conference on User Interface Software and Technology
• 作者: Zhu, Junyi;Zhu, Yunyi;Cui, Jiaming;Cheng, Leon;Snowden, Jackson;Chounlakone, Mark;Wessely, Michael;Mueller, Stefanie
• 通讯作者: Mueller, Stefanie