CHS: Small: Expanding the Design Space for Interactive Objects Through Development of Advanced 3D Printers and Printing Technology

CHS：小型：通过开发先进的 3D 打印机和打印技术扩展交互式对象的设计空间

• 批准号: 1718651
• 负责人: Scott Hudson
• 金额: $ 50万
• 依托单位: Carnegie-Mellon University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2017-09-01 至 2020-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1718651&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: CHS; Small; Expanding; Design; Space

3D printing has tremendous potential to improve productivity in American businesses large and small, and to expand our ability to compete through innovation. It holds the promise of moving from mass-manufacture of one design for all, to mass customization where objects can be individualized to meet personal needs and preferences, as well as the demands of varying tasks. It also holds the promise of "democratizing" the means of production, by extending a new ability to manufacture unique products to individuals and small businesses who could not previously afford to do their own manufacturing. However, there are a number of barriers which are currently keeping this exciting new technology from reaching more widespread use. One of those barriers is the limited range of materials that 3D printers can handle. Currently, nearly all 3D printing is done in a single hard material such as plastic. However, most of the objects we use regularly are made from multiple materials, and often include soft materials which, as of yet, are inaccessible to 3D printers. This project seeks to improve this situation by exploring the design and implementation of new types of 3D printers, including: those that can produce soft fibrous materials; those capable of creating metal objects without the need for high temperatures or specialized environments; and hybrid printers capable of producing mixed material objects that include both hard metal and plastic as well as soft components. The goal is to create simple printers that are inexpensive and suitable for potential home or small business use. To maximize impact, a premium will be placed on simplicity of operation, so that the new printers can be run in your garage or basement if not on your desktop, by people without extensive training; similarly, there will be no use of exotic materials or chemistry. If successful, project outcomes will have a wide impact which helps to change the nature of manufacturing by expanding its availability and flexibility, especially for smaller scale production.This project seeks to develop three new types of 3D printers and to explore the design space for interactive devices which is opened by them. The first will produce prints that are able to mix soft fibers (produced by electrospinning) with traditional rigid plastic in a single print. The second will consider printing of layered metal objects at near room temperature in a way that will support embedding and mixing of materials, while the third will take advantage of this property to provide prints which are capable of containing metal (e.g., as a strong structural core), conventional plastic (e.g., as a functional body) and soft fiber components (e.g., as a soft skin and/or to provide flexibility where needed). For each of these printers, the project will explore the substantial new design space that is opened up at three levels: basic printing capabilities (such as engineered stiffness variations for custom bending), reusable components that are enabled by the new materials (such as input sensors or new compliant mechanisms), and full example objects which will test the practical bounds of the work.

3D打印具有巨大的潜力，可以提高美国大大小小的企业的生产率，并通过创新扩大我们的竞争能力。它承诺从大规模生产一种面向所有人的设计，转变为大规模定制，其中对象可以个性化，以满足个人需求和偏好，以及不同任务的需求。它还承诺通过将制造独特产品的新能力扩展到以前负担不起自己制造的个人和小企业，从而使生产手段“民主化”。然而，目前有许多障碍阻碍了这项令人兴奋的新技术得到更广泛的应用。其中一个障碍是3D打印机可以处理的材料范围有限。目前，几乎所有的3D打印都是在单一的硬材料上完成的，比如塑料。然而，我们经常使用的大多数物品都是由多种材料制成的，而且通常包括3D打印机还无法接触到的软材料。该项目试图通过探索新型3D打印机的设计和实施来改善这种情况，这些新型打印机包括：能够生产软纤维材料的打印机；能够在不需要高温或特殊环境的情况下制造金属物体的打印机；以及能够生产包括硬金属和塑料以及软部件在内的混合材料物体的混合打印机。其目标是创造简单的打印机，既便宜又适合潜在的家庭或小型企业使用。为了最大限度地提高效果，将注重操作简单性，这样新打印机就可以在你的车库或地下室里运行，即使不是在你的台式机上，也可以由没有经过广泛培训的人运行；同样，也不会使用外来材料或化学物质。如果成功，项目成果将产生广泛的影响，通过扩大可获得性和灵活性来帮助改变制造业的性质，特别是对于较小规模的生产。该项目旨在开发三种新型3D打印机，并探索由它们打开的交互设备的设计空间。第一个将生产能够在单一印花中混合柔软纤维(通过静电纺丝产生的)和传统硬质塑料的印花。第二种将考虑以支持材料的嵌入和混合的方式在接近室温的情况下打印分层金属物体，而第三种将利用该特性来提供能够包含金属(例如，作为坚固的结构核心)、传统塑料(例如，作为功能体)和软纤维组件(例如，作为软皮肤和/或在需要时提供灵活性)的印刷品。对于这些打印机中的每一台，该项目将探索在三个层面上开辟的实质性新设计空间：基本打印能力(例如针对定制弯曲设计的刚度变化)、由新材料实现的可重复使用的部件(例如输入传感器或新的顺应机构)，以及将测试工作实际边界的完整示例对象。

项目成果

FiberWire: Embedding Electronic Function into 3D Printed Mechanically Strong, Lightweight Carbon Fiber Composite Objects

FiberWire：将电子功能嵌入 3D 打印的机械强度高、重量轻的碳纤维复合材料物体中

• DOI: 10.1145/3290605.3300797
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
• 作者: Swaminathan, Saiganesh;Ozutemiz, Kadri Bugra;Majidi, Carmel;Hudson, Scott E.
• 通讯作者: Hudson, Scott E.

OptiStructures: Fabrication of Room-Scale Interactive Structures with Embedded Fiber Bragg Grating Optical Sensors and Displays

OptiStructures：利用嵌入式光纤布拉格光栅光学传感器和显示器制造房间规模的交互式结构

• DOI: 10.1145/3397310
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies
• 作者: Swaminathan, Saiganesh;Fagert, Jonathon;Rivera, Michael;Cao, Andrew;Laput, Gierad;Noh, Hae Young;Hudson, Scott E.
• 通讯作者: Hudson, Scott E.

The Upcycled Home: Removing Barriers to Lightweight Modification of the Home's Everyday Objects

升级改造的家居：消除家居日常用品轻量化改造的障碍

• DOI: 10.1145/3313831.3376314
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing
• 作者: Williams, Kristin;Pulivarthy, Rajitha;Hudson, Scott E.;Hammer, Jessica
• 通讯作者: Hammer, Jessica

Engineering Multifunctional Spacer Fabrics Through Machine Knitting

• DOI: 10.1145/3411764.3445564
• 发表时间: 2021-05
• 期刊: Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
• 作者: Lea Albaugh;J. McCann;S. Hudson;Lining Yao

Forte: User-Driven Generative Design

• DOI: 10.1145/3173574.3174070
• 发表时间: 2018-04
• 期刊: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
• 作者: Xiang 'Anthony' Chen;Ye Tao;Guanyun Wang;Runchang Kang;Tovi Grossman;Stelian Coros;S. Hudson