Structure and organisation of the economy and society in the East Frisian coastal area during the early Middle Ages: The settlement area at Dunum, in the District of Wittmund, is taken as a regional model

在对定居点进行考古研究的过程中发现的发现和特征表明，中世纪早期定居在北海沿海地区南部的社区在组织跨区域交流和贸易方面发挥了特殊作用。沼泽地和更新世桑迪交界处的牧场和耕地极其肥沃，可以生产和加工大量农产品，远远超过仅仅维持生计所需的数量。高质量的纺织品是一系列产品中特别重要的一项。这些纺织品在当代被称为pallia fresonica，通过覆盖中欧和北方大部分地区的广泛分销网络进行交易。根据Detlev Ellmers的模型，一般认为这种贸易最初是由中世纪早期附属于封建领地的分散的巡回商人组织的，然后发展成为一个由当地专业工匠组成的贸易中心系统。然而，这一模型的有效性尚未得到适当的检验，既没有详细分析中世纪早期沿海地区可识别的发展，也没有调查这些发展背后的社会和经济结构。这些都是在这里申请的项目的主题。出发点是维特蒙德区杜努姆周围地区，在那里已经对植被、景观和定居历史进行了一定数量的调查。在中世纪早期，这是一个由低地和沼泽包围的定居区，可直接通往北海。虽然至少有八个独立的定居点，但从7世纪到世纪，居民们把死者埋葬在一个共同的墓地里，也就是说，远远超过了第一次传教努力的阶段。该墓地已经几乎完全考古调查。这些早期的调查表明，坟墓被广泛覆盖的plaggen土壤，这不仅保护他们免受现代农业活动，但也创造了一个有利的化学环境，以保护金属墓葬物品和有机物质粘附在他们身上。因此，杜努姆定居区提供了一个极好的机会，以测试埃尔默斯上述模型，以及寻求新的信息，中世纪早期的经济和精神世界连接到农村（想象的景观）和他们的演变。可以假定，在本项目框架内对更新世桑迪土壤和沼泽交界处这一边境地区居民之间的社会文化互动所获得的见解，可以作为了解北海南部沿海地区其他定居区的一个模型。

The finds and features unearthed in the course of the archaeological study of settlements have shown that the communities settled in the southern part of the North Sea coastal region in the early Middle Ages played a special role in the organisation of supra-regional communication and trade. The extremely fertile pasture and arable land at the junction between the marshes and the areas of Pleistocene sandy soil permitted the production and processing of numerous agricultural commodities, far beyond the quantities required for mere subsistence. High-quality textiles were a particularly important item in the range of products. These textiles, known in contemporary sources as pallia fresonica, were traded via a wide-spread distribution network that covered large parts of central and northern Europe. Following a model generated by Detlev Ellmers, it is generally assumed that this trade was first organised by decentralized itinerant traders attached to feudal territories in the early Middle Ages and then developed into a system of trading centres with locally based professional craftsmen. However, the validity of this model has not been properly tested and neither a detailed analysis of the identifiable developments in the coastal regions during the early Middle Ages nor an investigation of the social and economic structures behind these developments has yet been undertaken. These are the subject of the project for which application is made here. The starting point is the area around Dunum, in the District of Wittmund, where a certain number of investigations into the vegetation, landscape and settlement history have already been carried out. During the early Middle Ages, this was a settlement area surrounded by lowlands and moors with direct access to the North Sea. Although there were at least eight separate settlements, the inhabitants buried their dead in a common graveyard from the 7th to 10th century, i.e. well beyond the phase of the first missionary efforts. The graveyard has already been almost completely investigated archaeologically. These earlier investigations revealed that the graves had been extensively covered by plaggen soil, which not only protected them from modern agricultural activity but also created a favourable chemical milieu for the preservation of metal grave goods and the organic substances adhering to them. The Dunum settlement area thus provides an excellent opportunity to test Ellmers above-mentioned model as well as to seek new information on the early medieval economy and the spiritual world attached to the countryside (imaginary landscapes) and their evolution. It can be assumed that the insights obtained within the framework of this project into the socio-cultural interaction among the inhabitants of this border area at the junction of the Pleistocene sandy soil and the marshes can be used as a model in understanding other settlement areas in the southern North Sea coastal region.