Pottery traditions as a mirror of social structures of the 5th and 4th millennium BC in northern Central Europe

几十年来，中欧北部从狩猎-采集文化向农业社会的过渡及其在新石器时代的巩固是聚落研究的优先事项之一。主要问题往往涉及不同形式的漏斗烧烤文化的聚落、墓穴和仪式地点之间的结构联系，最近的一次是在DFG SPP纪念性和社会分化方面。在这项研究中，对陶器发现的自然科学分析，除了年代学研究外，还可以极大地帮助人们对这一时期微观区域内的社会组织有新的了解。根据对用于制作陶器的原材料的分析进行的几项试点研究表明，当地网络是如何建立的，并提供了关于住区之间相互作用的存在和程度的信息。此外，还可以就古迹的空间参与发表声明。此外，非本地生产的外国船只可用于接收超区域通信连接的重要迹象。陶器分析的另一个巨大潜力是有可能描述连续文化之间的过渡，例如Ertebølle文化的陶瓷相和早期的漏斗烧杯文化。因此，它们提供了独立、可靠的信息，这些信息也应该包括在对人和动物骨骼遗骸的DNA研究的解释中。在这方面，拟议的项目打算对荷兰、丹麦群岛和奥德地区之间的七个微型区域的定居点、纪念碑和平地墓地的陶器库存进行详细和比较的分析。连同已经进行的对SPP纪念碑的调查，微观区域覆盖了漏斗烧杯文化分布区的大部分。在过去的几十年里，只有在中石器时代晚期向漏斗烧杯文化过渡或对漏斗烧杯文化本身进行了密集研究活动的地区才被选中，因此这些地区已经为对所获得的陶器数据进行全面评估提供了最佳条件。例如，可以参考各个地区的景观重建、大量的14C年代测定和陶器类型研究，并使用这些数据来解释新取得的成果。在此背景下，可以预期，该项目将对中欧北部在公元前5世纪和4千年期间重建空间利用和社会组织作出重大贡献。

For several decades, the transition from hunter-gatherer cultures to agrarian societies and their consolidation during the Neolithic in northern Central Europe is one of the priorities within the settlement research. The main question often concerns the structural connections between settlements, tombs and ritual sites of the Funnel Beaker Culture in its different forms, most recently within the DFG SPP Monumentality and Social Differentiation. In this research, it has been confirmed that natural scientific analyses of pottery finds, in addition to typochronological studies, can highly contribute to gain new insights into the social organization within micro-regions of this period. Several pilot studies based on the analysis of the raw materials used for making pottery have shown how local networks were constructed and provided information about the existence and extent of interactions among settlements. In addition, it is also possible to make statements about the spatial involvement of monuments. Furthermore, non-locally produced, foreign vessels can be used to receive important indications of supra-regional communication connections. Another great potential of pottery analyses is the possibility to characterize the transition between successive cultures, such as the ceramic phase of the Ertebølle Culture and the early Funnel Beaker Culture. Thus, they provide independent, reliable information which should also be included in the interpretation of aDNA studies on human and animal skeletal remains. In this regard, the proposed project intends to make detailed and comparative analyses of pottery inventories from settlements, monuments and flat grave cemeteries from seven micro-regions, which are located between the Netherlands, the Danish islands and the Oder region. Together with the already conducted investigations of the SPP Monumentality the micro-regions cover large parts of the distribution area of the Funnel Beaker Culture. Only regions were selected in which intensive research activities on the transition from the late Mesolithic to the Funnel Beaker Culture or on the Funnel Beaker Culture itself have taken place during the last decades, so that these regions already offer optimal conditions for a holistic evaluation of the obtained pottery data. For example, it is possible to refer to landscape reconstructions, numerous 14C-datings and typological pottery studies for the individual regions and to use these data for the interpretation of the newly achieved results. Against this background, it can be expected, that the project will make a substantial contribution to the reconstruction of space utilization and social organization during the 5th and 4th millennium BC in northern Central Europe.