A1: The Urban Flooding Open Knowledge Network (UF-OKN): Delivering Flood Information to AnyOne, AnyTime, AnyWhere

NSF Convergence Accelerator支持以使用为灵感的、基于团队的、多学科的努力，以应对国家重要性的挑战，并将在不久的将来为社会提供有价值的成果。这个Convergence Accelerator第二阶段项目的更广泛的影响和潜在的社会效益是最大限度地减少美国未来城市洪水造成的经济和人类损失。洪水影响到一系列相互关联的城市系统-城市综合体，其中包括电网和交通网络、地表水和地下水、污水和饮用水系统、内陆航运和水坝，所有这些都与社会经济和公共卫生部门交织在一起。该项目采用融合的方法来整合这些多个相互关联的系统，并合并水文和水利工程;系统分析，优化和控制;机器学习，数据和计算机科学;流行病学;社会经济学;以及交通和电气工程的最新实践，以开发城市洪水开放知识网络（OKN），这是该项目的最终交付成果。它将在城市领域和洪水专家，从业者，科学家和技术专家之间进行前所未有的参与。这种伙伴关系包括全国各地的大学、非营利组织、私营公司、国家实验室、联邦机构、州、县和市。城市洪水-OKN将通过提供关于未来事件可能发生的洪水程度的信息来增强决策者和公众的能力，并将显示其对城市地区自然和工程基础设施的级联影响。支持这一努力的融合研究和开发团队整合了跨学科的研究人员和方法，包括土木和环境工程，水文，地理，计算机科学，气象，公共安全，应急响应和经济学。作为顾问、潜在用户和开发者参与的合作伙伴包括十几个市政当局和水管理区、联邦机构（NOAA、USDOT、NIST、USGS、EPA、FEMA）、国家实验室（PNNL）、非营利组织（海洋领导联盟、伍兹霍尔海洋研究所、水文科学促进大学联盟）、营利组织、财团和个人。 洪水对城市综合大楼的真实的影响目前很难量化，因为它的许多系统是独立设计和管理的。因此，迫切需要建立一个开放的知识网络，以了解这些系统的相互关联性以及它们如何相互影响。该项目将语义连接城市综合体，其子系统生成的数据目前无法互操作。这将有助于对与城市可持续性有关的洪水相关信息进行有意义的查询。城市洪水-OKN将有助于提高城市的弹性，并最大限度地减少未来城市洪水造成的损失，因为气候变化和土地利用模式的变化。它将允许识别响应外部压力的复杂的相互依赖的基础设施系统的关键过渡/转变的预警信号，以及转变将如何受到城市综合体的结构和跨其子系统传播的故障的影响。这个项目也有可能带来一个社会转型的方式从业者，研究人员和公众参与，消费，并采取行动的信息对城市综合体的潜在反应，以极端的外部压力。该项目将允许通过互联网查询生成有关风暴和洪水期间该做什么、如何进行长期规划以及这些决策将如何有助于城市可持续发展和复原力的可操作信息-所有这些都基于扎实的科学。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的智力价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

The NSF Convergence Accelerator supports use-inspired, team-based, multidisciplinary efforts that address challenges of national importance and will produce deliverables of value to society in the near future.The broader impact and potential societal benefit of this Convergence Accelerator Phase II project is to minimize economic and human losses from future urban flooding in the United States. Floods impact a series of interconnected urban systems – the Urban Multiplex, that include the power grid and transportation network, surface water and groundwater, sewerage and drinking water systems, inland navigation and dams, all of which are intertwined with the socioeconomic and public health sectors. This project uses a convergent approach to integrate these multiple interconnected systems and merges state-of-the-art practices in hydrological and hydraulic engineering; systems analysis, optimization and control; machine learning, data and computer science; epidemiology; socioeconomics; and transportation and electrical engineering to develop an Urban Flood Open Knowledge Network (OKN), the final deliverable of the project. It will be built with unprecedented engagement between urban domain and flooding experts, practitioners, scientists, and technology specialists. This partnership includes universities, nonprofits, private companies, national labs, federal agencies, states, counties and municipalities across the country. The Urban Flood-OKN will empower decision makers and the general public by providing information on how much flooding may occur from a future event and will also show its cascading impact on natural and engineered infrastructures of an urban area. The convergence research and development team supporting this effort has integrated researchers and methods from across disciplines including civil and environmental engineering, hydrology, geography, computer science, meteorology, public safety, emergency response, and economics. The partners engaged as advisors, potential users, and developers include more than a dozen municipalities and water management districts, federal agencies (NOAA, USDOT, NIST, USGS, EPA, FEMA), a national lab (PNNL), non-profits (Consortium of Ocean Leadership, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science), for-profit organizations, consortia, and individuals. The real impact of flooding on the Urban Multiplex is currently very difficult to quantify because many of its systems are independently designed and managed. Hence an open knowledge network that captures the interconnectedness of these systems and how they impact each other is critically needed. This project will semantically link the Urban Multiplex, whose subsystems generate data that are currently not interoperable. This will enable meaningful queries on flood-related information relevant to urban sustainability. The Urban Flood-OKN will help increase urban resilience and minimize damage from future urban floods due to changing climate and changing land use patterns. It will allow identification of early-warning signals of critical transitions/shifts of a complex interdependent infrastructure system responding to external pressures, and how shifts will be affected by the structure of the Urban Multiplex and failures propagating across its subsystems. This project also has the potential to bring about a societal transformation in the way practitioners, researchers, and the general public engage with, consume, and act upon information about the potential response of the Urban Multiplex to extreme external pressures. This project will allow internet queries that produce actionable information on what to do during storms and flooding, how to plan long-term, and how these decisions will contribute to urban sustainability and resilience – all based on solid science.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.