Repeated evolution of eye regression and loss: phylogenomics of scallops and relatives (Bivalvia: Pectinoidea)

眼睛退化和丧失的反复进化：扇贝及其近缘种的系统基因组学（双壳纲：扇贝总科）

• 批准号: 2148203
• 负责人: Jeanne Serb
• 金额: $ 81.46万
• 依托单位: Iowa State University
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2022-07-01 至 2025-06-30
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2148203&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Repeated; evolution; eye; regression; loss

Eyes in their many different forms have evolved numerous times in animals. However, eyes are energetically expensive to produce, use, and maintain. As a result, animals that live in dim light environments tend to have eyes that maximize the ability to capture light at the expense of generating clear images. Thus, different light environments produce selective pressures that are predicted to affect eye number, form, and performance. The project will test hypotheses of how the transition into dim or totally dark marine environments may be related to eye regression and loss. To address these fundamental questions in sensory biology, the project will collect and analyze genetic, morphological, and ecological data under an evolutionary framework. Broader societal impacts include addressing goals of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) by incorporating molecular concepts in the teaching of evolution while using the eye as an approachable example. Novel curriculum on evolution at the high school level will be created through a collaboration with two educators immersed in the research project. Lesson plans will be publicly available via websites (e.g., National Science Teaching Association) and pedagogical data will be published in peer-reviewed journals. To expand training opportunities, the team will develop a workshop on teaching evolution for 12 additional high school teachers in Year 3. Workshop impact will be assessed with pre- to post- surveys. The work also will directly support the cross disciplinary training of postdoctoral researchers and undergraduate students. Participation of underrepresented groups in STEM is a priority.Understanding visual system diversity requires determining ecological and evolutionary mechanisms responsible for functional and morphological changes. Scallops and relatives (Pectinoidea) have tens to hundreds of eyes on a single animal and broad bathymetric distributions spanning the taxonomic and ecomorphological diversity of the clade. The proposed work will use the Pectinoidea to understand eye evolution in association with functional and ecological changes that may drive eye regression and loss, such as oceanic depth. Harnessing the true potential of pectinoideans for macroevolutionary research is contingent on the resolution of a robust time-calibrated phylogeny and anatomical knowledge for the poorly studied taxa. This work will address three central questions: 1) What are morphological and functional changes of eyes among deep- and shallow- dwelling species? 2) When and how many times have eyes been regressed or completely lost among pectinoidean taxa? 3) Could the invasion of dim light or aphotic zones be related to eye regression and loss? The project will infer the phylogenomics of Pectinoidea using an anchored hybrid enrichment approach to understand the tempo and mode of eye evolution and regression. The project will 1) provide extended taxon sampling, a time-calibrated phylogeny, and taxonomic revision; 2) address major gaps in knowledge of the factors and forces that have contributed to the evolution and diversification of visual systems; 3) inform a broader understanding of evolutionary processes underlying new traits; and 4) generate new genetic resources for bivalves, an understudied, but phenotypically diverse, group. All materials will be archived through publicly accessible repositories.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

在动物中，以许多不同形式的眼睛已经演变了很多次。但是，产生，使用和维护的眼睛在能量上昂贵。结果，生活在昏暗的环境中的动物往往具有最大程度地捕获光的能力，而牺牲了透明图像。因此，不同的光环境产生的选择性压力被预测会影响眼睛的数量，形式和性能。该项目将检验过过渡到昏暗或完全黑暗的海洋环境的假设，可能与眼睛的回归和损失有关。为了解决感觉生物学中的这些基本问题，该项目将在进化框架下收集和分析遗传，形态和生态数据。更广泛的社会影响包括通过将分子概念纳入进化教学的同时，以使用眼睛作为平易近人的例子来解决下一代科学标准（NGSS）的目标。高中层面的新型进化课程将通过与沉浸在研究项目中的两名教育者的合作来创建。课程计划将通过网站（例如国家科学教学协会）公开获得，教学数据将在同行评审的期刊上发布。为了扩大培训机会，该团队将在第三年为12名高中教师的教学演化开展研讨会。将通过调查后评估研讨会的影响。这项工作还将直接支持博士后研究人员和本科生的跨学科培训。参与代表性不足的群体参与STEM是一个优先事项。理解视觉系统的多样性需要确定负责功能和形态变化的生态和进化机制。扇贝和亲戚（pectinoidea）在一只动物和宽阔的测深分布上具有数十个眼睛，涵盖了进化枝的分类学和生态形态学多样性。拟议的工作将使用果胶素与可能导致眼部消退和损失的功能和生态变化相关的眼睛进化，例如海洋深度。利用果胶的真正潜力进行宏观进化研究取决于解决较差的分类单元的稳健时间校准的系统发育和解剖学知识。这项工作将解决三个中心问题：1）深层和浅水物种之间眼睛的形态和功能变化是什么？ 2）何时，何时和几次眼睛在果蝇分类单元中回归或完全失去了眼睛？ 3）昏暗的光或过滤区域的入侵是否与眼睛的回归和损失有关？该项目将使用锚定的杂交富集方法来推断果胶的系统组学，以了解眼睛演化和回归的速度和模式。该项目将1）提供扩展的分类单元抽样，一个时间校准的系统发育和分类学修订； 2）解决了有助于视觉系统发展和多样化的因素和力量知识的主要差距； 3）了解对新特征基础的进化过程的更广泛的了解； 4）为双壳类生成新的遗传资源，这是一个研究的，但表现型多样的组。所有材料都将通过公开访问的存储库存档。该奖项反映了NSF的法定任务，并被认为是值得通过基金会的知识分子优点和更广泛影响的评论标准来评估值得支持的。