Experimental game theory and scalar implicatures: investigating variation in context and scale type

实验博弈论和标量含义：研究背景和规模类型的变化

• 批准号: 254863019
• 负责人: Dr. Anton Benz
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft (ZAS)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Priority Programmes
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2013-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/254863019?language=en
• 关键词: Experimental; game; theory; scalar; implicatures

Pragmatics is about language in use, and, in particular, about the emergence of meaning in interaction between speaker and audience. It is in keeping with the philosophy behind this discipline to test for pragmatic phenomena in interactive and task based scenarios. We have successfully developed an experimental paradigm in which pragmatic interpretations are inferred from action choices based on a game theoretic model of the experimental situation. In this project, we further develop our methodology and widen its empirical coverage.Our core topic is one of the most complex and controversial phenomena studied in pragmatics today: scalar implicature in logically complex sentences. In the first funding period, we demonstrated that there are natural scenarios in which controversial implicature are drawn reliably. We concentrated on situations with competent speakers and the all-some scale. In the new funding period, we intend (A) to extend our research to a larger variety of scales (adjectival scales), (B) study violations of the competence assumption (i.e. partial knowledge, uncertainty), and (C) investigate the relevance of the principle of cooperativity in contexts with opposing interests of speaker and hearer. The debate on complex sentences started out with the issue of whether or not implicature can be embedded in compositional semantics. This has been a hotly debated topic for which diverse theoretical models with conflicting claims have been developed, prominently among them feature structural accounts, and game theoretic accounts Recently, Bayesian models have been proposed that learn production and interpretation strategies directly from experimental data. The advantage of game theoretic and Bayesian models is that they are able to link their theories to interactive experimental settings. In particular, they make predictions for both utterance production and interpretation. In accompanying theoretical work, we will therefore further these theories and develop detailed game theoretic and probabilistic models for all planned experiments.

语用学是关于语言的使用，尤其是关于在说话人和听众之间的互动中意义的出现。在交互和基于任务的场景中测试语用现象符合这门学科背后的哲学。我们已经成功地开发了一个实验范式，在这个范式中，语用解释是基于实验情景的博弈论模型从行动选择中推断出来的。在这个项目中，我们进一步发展了我们的方法，扩大了它的实证覆盖面。我们的核心话题是当今语用学研究中最复杂和最有争议的现象之一：逻辑复杂句子中的标量蕴涵。在第一个资助期，我们证明了在自然情况下，可以可靠地得出有争议的含义。我们专注于有能力的演讲者和有一定规模的人的情况。在新的资助期，我们打算(A)将我们的研究扩展到更多不同的尺度(形容词尺度)，(B)研究违反能力假设的行为(即部分知识、不确定性)，以及(C)调查合作原则在说话人和听话人相反利益的背景下的相关性。关于复句的争论始于含意是否可以嵌入到成分语义中的问题。这一直是一个激烈争论的话题，为此已经开发了各种具有相互冲突主张的理论模型，其中突出的是结构账户和博弈论账户。最近，贝叶斯模型被提出，该模型直接从实验数据学习生产和解释策略。博弈论和贝叶斯模型的优势在于，它们能够将自己的理论与互动实验环境联系起来。特别是，他们对话语的产生和解释都做出了预测。因此，在伴随的理论工作中，我们将进一步发展这些理论，并为所有计划中的实验开发详细的博弈论和概率模型。