Experimental game theory and scalar implicatures: investigating variation in context and scale type

语用学研究的是语言的使用，特别是在说话者和听众之间的互动中产生的意义。在交互式和基于任务的场景中测试语用现象与这门学科背后的哲学是一致的。我们已经成功地开发了一种实验范式，在该范式中，基于实验情境的博弈论模型，从行动选择中推断出语用解释。在这个项目中，我们进一步发展了我们的方法并扩大了其实证覆盖范围。我们的核心主题是当今语用学研究中最复杂和最具争议的现象之一：逻辑复杂句子中的标量蕴涵。在第一个资助期，我们证明了有争议的含义被可靠地绘制的自然场景。我们专注于有能力的说话者和所有的尺度的情况。在新的资助期内，我们打算(A)将我们的研究扩展到更多种类的尺度（形容词尺度），(B)研究对能力假设的违反（即部分知识，不确定性），以及(C)调查合作原则在说话者和听者对立利益的语境中的相关性。关于复合句的争论开始于是否隐含可以嵌入到组合语义的问题。这一直是一个备受争议的话题，各种理论模型都有相互矛盾的主张，其中最突出的是结构理论和博弈论理论。最近，贝叶斯模型被提出直接从实验数据中学习生产和解释策略。博弈论和贝叶斯模型的优势在于它们能够将它们的理论与交互实验环境联系起来。特别是，他们对话语的产生和解释都做出了预测。因此，在伴随的理论工作中，我们将进一步深化这些理论，并为所有计划的实验开发详细的博弈论和概率模型。

Pragmatics is about language in use, and, in particular, about the emergence of meaning in interaction between speaker and audience. It is in keeping with the philosophy behind this discipline to test for pragmatic phenomena in interactive and task based scenarios. We have successfully developed an experimental paradigm in which pragmatic interpretations are inferred from action choices based on a game theoretic model of the experimental situation. In this project, we further develop our methodology and widen its empirical coverage.Our core topic is one of the most complex and controversial phenomena studied in pragmatics today: scalar implicature in logically complex sentences. In the first funding period, we demonstrated that there are natural scenarios in which controversial implicature are drawn reliably. We concentrated on situations with competent speakers and the all-some scale. In the new funding period, we intend (A) to extend our research to a larger variety of scales (adjectival scales), (B) study violations of the competence assumption (i.e. partial knowledge, uncertainty), and (C) investigate the relevance of the principle of cooperativity in contexts with opposing interests of speaker and hearer. The debate on complex sentences started out with the issue of whether or not implicature can be embedded in compositional semantics. This has been a hotly debated topic for which diverse theoretical models with conflicting claims have been developed, prominently among them feature structural accounts, and game theoretic accounts Recently, Bayesian models have been proposed that learn production and interpretation strategies directly from experimental data. The advantage of game theoretic and Bayesian models is that they are able to link their theories to interactive experimental settings. In particular, they make predictions for both utterance production and interpretation. In accompanying theoretical work, we will therefore further these theories and develop detailed game theoretic and probabilistic models for all planned experiments.