Collaborative Research: DESC: Type II: REFRESH: Revisiting Expanding FPGA Real-estate for Environmentally Sustainability Heterogeneous-Systems

计算系统可以在其整个生命周期中对环境产生重大影响，包括制造、使用和报废处理。例如，制造过程通常需要大量的能源，并产生大量的碳排放。当计算机达到使用寿命时，它们就变成了电子垃圾。电子废物如果管理不当，由于存在危险材料，可能对人类健康和环境构成风险。减轻这些影响是可持续计算的一个重大挑战。该项目引入了创新方法，通过回收退役芯片，将其集成以延长其使用寿命，并使用新集成的芯片实现接近最先进的性能，来最大限度地减少计算系统对环境的影响。该项目将由匹兹堡大学和圣母大学的一个调查小组进行。该项目的影响是双重的：通过将这些有毒的、不可生物降解的设备排除在垃圾填埋场之外，大大减少了制造业的碳排放，并减轻了与电子废物相关的环境风险。该项目通过教育和推广活动为社会做出了宝贵的贡献，这些活动旨在吸引对环境科学，生物学，该项目的主要目标是通过重用最近退役的现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）芯片来构建REFRESH FPGA器件，并采用2.5维（2.5D）与用于互连的底层中介层的集成。这种方法旨在大幅减少新芯片制造过程中产生的碳排放。该项目包括四个研究重点。Thrust 1专注于开发REFRESH FPGA架构和设计自动化工具流程，旨在解决将硬件设计目标定位于非单片FPGA的挑战。Thrust 2通过设计自动化框架研究REFRESH FPGA硬件分析和原型设计，该框架能够自动选择最佳设计配置，包括芯片间连接拓扑、连接带宽以及基于老化条件的FPGA芯片选择。Thrust 3致力于开发系统级封装可持续性分析、验证和优化流程，旨在准确建模和评估2.5D集成REFRESH FPGA（包括制造、集成和封装）对环境的影响。Thrust 4广泛探索了加速从机器学习到基因组学的广泛应用的最有效方法。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估而被认为值得支持。

Computing systems can exert substantial environmental impacts across their entire life cycles, encompassing manufacturing, usage, and end-of-life disposal. For example, manufacturing processes often require significant amounts of energy and produce substantial carbon emissions. When computers reach the end of their life, they become electronic waste (e-waste). E-waste, if not properly managed, can pose risks to human health and the environment due to the presence of hazardous materials. Mitigating these impacts is a significant challenge for sustainable computing. This project introduces innovative approaches to minimize the environmental impact of computing systems by recycling decommissioned chips, integrating them to extend their lifespans, and achieving near state-of-the-art performance with the newly integrated chips. The project will be carried out by a team of investigators from the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Notre Dame. The project's impacts are twofold: significantly reducing carbon emissions from manufacturing and mitigating environmental risks associated with e-waste by keeping these toxic, non-biodegradable devices out of landfills. This project is making valuable contributions to society through education and outreach activities designed to engage K-12 students with an interest in environmental science, biology, and artificial intelligence (AI).The primary goal of this project is to achieve sustainable computing by reusing recently retired field-programmable gate array (FPGA) chips to build REFRESH FPGA devices and employing 2.5-dimensional (2.5D) integration with an underlying interposer for interconnection. This approach aims to significantly reduce carbon emissions incurred from the fabrication process of new chips. The project consists of four research thrusts. Thrust 1 focuses on developing REFRESH FPGA architecture and design automation toolflow, tailored to address the challenge of targeting hardware designs onto non-monolithic FPGAs. Thrust 2 investigates REFRESH FPGA hardware analysis and prototyping through a design automation framework capable of automatically selecting the optimal design configuration including inter-chip connection topology, connection bandwidth, and the selection of FPGA chips based on their aging condition. Thrust 3 is dedicated to developing a system-in-a-package sustainability analysis, validation, and optimization process, aiming to accurately model and assess the environmental impacts stemming from the 2.5D integrated REFRESH FPGAs including fabrication, integration, and packaging. Thrust 4 extensively explores the most effective methodologies for accelerating a wide range of applications from machine learning to genomics.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.