Tropical Cyclones from 400 to 40 hPa

400 至 40 hPa 的热带气旋

• 批准号: 2334173
• 负责人: David Nolan
• 金额: $ 77.71万
• 依托单位: University of Miami
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2024
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2024-02-15 至 2027-01-31
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2334173&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Tropical; Cyclones; 400; 40; hPa

Tropical cyclones, also known as hurricanes and typhoons, are large and dangerous storms that cause significant damage and loss of life around the globe. The primary method of tracking and estimating the intensities of these storms is through viewing satellite images of the thick circular deck of high cirrus clouds that surround the center (or “eye”) of the storm, also known as the cirrus shield. This project will examine the sources and budgets of the moisture and condensate (ice and snow) in the cirrus shield and how this relates to the overall structure and intensity of the storm. It will also investigate to what extent the strongest thunderstorms in and around tropical cyclones are transporting ice to even higher altitudes, which may represent a source of water vapor molecules that play important roles in the chemistry of the stratosphere, with implications for the ozone layer and Earth’s climate. This project will investigate the dynamical processes and moist physics of the upper-level outflow that lies above all tropical cyclones (TCs). This outflow contains the central cirrus cloud shield seen by satellites that provide the vast majority of intensity estimates for all TCs around the globe. Occasional in-situ observations, airborne Doppler radar analyses, and increasingly realistic numerical simulations suggest that both the primary outflow, and also compensating inflow layers above and below, can have highly asymmetric structures, and are embedded with waves, dynamical instabilities, and overshooting cloud tops from strong updrafts. These overshooting updrafts may also be injecting moisture irreversibly into the stratosphere, possibly playing a non-trivial role in the water budget of the stratosphere. Airborne Doppler radar observations, dropsonde measurements, satellite images, and very high-resolution computer simulations will be used to better understand the three-dimensional structure of the outflow, including the adjacent inflow layers above and below the outflow. This project will focus on the structure, dynamics and moisture budgets of TCs across the lower and upper limits of these circulations, ranging from approximately 400 hPa (8 km) to 40 hPa (22 km) in altitude.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.

热带气旋，也称为飓风和台风，是大而危险的风暴，在全球造成了巨大的破坏和生命损失。跟踪和估计这些风暴强度的主要方法是通过查看围绕风暴中心（或“眼”）的高卷心云的厚圆形甲板的卫星图像，也称为Cirrus Shield。该项目将检查Cirrus Shield中水分和冷凝物（冰和雪）的来源和预算，以及这与风暴的整体结构和强度如何相关。它还将在热带气旋中和周围周围的强烈雷暴在多大程度上将冰送到更高的高度，这可能代表了水蒸气分子的来源，在平流层的化学中起着重要作用，对臭氧层和地球的气候有影响。该项目将研究高于所有热带气旋（TCS）的上层出口的动态过程和潮湿物理。该出口包含卫星看到的中央卷云屏蔽层，为全球所有TC提供了绝大多数强度估计。偶尔的原位观察结果，空气的多普勒雷达分析和日益现实的数值模拟表明，主要出口以及上面和下方的补偿流入层都可以具有高度的不对称结构，并且这些过度的上级上的上级也可能不可逆地进入静态层中，从而可以在层次上发挥不可逆转的作用。空气中的多普勒雷达观测，滴定测量值，卫星图像和非常高分辨率的计算机模拟将用于更好地了解出口的三维结构，包括上方和下方的相邻流入层。该项目将重点关注TCS在这些情况下和上限的结构，动态和水分预算，范围从大约400 hpa（8公里）到高度40 hpa（22 km）（22 km）。这一奖项反映了NSF的法规任务，并被认为是通过基金会的知识优点和广泛的cristia criperia来评估，以评估为珍贵的支持。