Local conflict and the local state. Public service delivery and political violence.

为什么人们要起来反抗国家？和平与冲突研究的重点是针对国家行为者和机构的暴力：骚乱、武装冲突或内战。在分析暴力的原因时，之前的研究调查了不满情绪的作用，但没有充分解释为什么人们把愤怒指向国家。仅仅关注人们为何而战并不能充分解释反政府暴力；人们还必须考虑他们的对手是谁。尽管如此，在之前的政治暴力研究中，国家作为暴力对象的角色受到的关注相对较少。该项目旨在解决这一差距。它对更广泛人群的动机和行为特别感兴趣：是什么让人们参与对国家的暴力？在回答这个问题时，它侧重于国家能力的一个中心要素，这一要素迄今尚未得到充分把握：公共提供基本服务。提供水、电、保健和教育是国家的一项基本福利职能。此外，它可以被认为是国家和人民之间的接口：通过提供服务，国家变得有形。因此，国家是否有能力以有效和公平的方式提供这些服务，可能会影响公众对国家的看法，并影响他们对国家的行为。该项目将综合利用地理空间定量和定性方法，分析公共服务提供的不同方面对政治暴力的作用。它利用住户调查数据，从而可以衡量地方一级的实际服务提供情况。将对南非和尼泊尔的次国家行政单位的服务提供和暴力事件的地理协方差进行定量分析。这些分析将由定性分析和深入的过程跟踪来补充。实地调查的目的是对将服务提供与参与反国家暴力联系起来的因果机制进行更细致的分析。

Why do people rise up against the state? Peace and conflict studies focus on violence that is directed against state actors and institutions: riots, armed conflicts or civil wars. In analyzing the causes of violence, previous research has investigated the role of grievances, but without adequately addressing why people direct their anger against the state. Anti-state violence cannot be explained adequately by solely focusing on what people are fighting for; one also has to consider whom they are fighting against. Nonetheless, the role of the state as the object of violence has received comparably little attention in previous research on political violence. The project aims to address this gap. It is particularly interested in the motives and actions of the broader population: What makes people engage in violence against the state? In answering the question, it focuses on a central element of state capacity that has thus far not been captured adequately: the public delivery of basic services. The provision of water, electricity, health care and education is an essential welfare function of the state. Furthermore, it can be considered an interface between the state and the population: through the provision of services the state becomes tangible. Thus, the capacity or incapacity of the state to deliver these services in an effective and equitable way, will likely shape public perceptions of the state and influence their behavior towards it. The project will make use of a mix of geospatial quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the role of different facets of public service delivery for political violence. It draws on household survey data, which allows for the measurement of actual service delivery at the local level. Quantitative analyses of geographical covariance in service delivery and violent events across subnational administrative units will be performed for South Africa and Nepal. These analyses will be complemented by qualitative analyses and in-depth process tracing. Fieldwork will aim to provide more nuanced analyses of the causal mechanisms that link service delivery to engagement in anti-state violence.