Independent Catholic Movements in Late 19th and Early 20th Century Asia. The "Independent Catholics of India, Goa, and Ceylon" and the "Iglesia Filipina Independiente" in the Context of Religious, Political, and Social Movements of Emancipation in Colonia

该项目从宗教研究和基督教历史的角度对1900年前后亚洲两次独立的天主教运动进行比较分析。重点在于“Iglesia Filipina Independiente”（IFI），成立于1902年，在菲律宾，不久后从西班牙转移到美国的殖民地管理，以及对“印度，果阿和锡兰的独立天主教徒”，出现在19世纪80年代末，以应对葡萄牙国王的赞助结束在果阿和锡兰的天主教主教区。这些运动将在三个方面进行分析：1。当地土著基督教精英之间的宗教，政治和社会解放运动之间的联系; 2。他们彼此之间以及与世界其他地区的独立天主教团体的跨区域和跨大陆接触; 3.他们的倡导者参与当代关于“宗教”的讨论，并试图在人类普遍宗教史中定位自己及其各自的文化背景。在这两个运动的发展过程中，可以观察到许多相似之处和相似之处。在这两种情况下，争取脱离罗马独立的，一方面是前罗马天主教神父--菲律宾的格雷戈里奥·阿格利帕伊（Gregorio Aglipay，1860-1940）和果阿和锡兰的安东尼奥·弗朗西斯科·泽维尔·阿尔瓦雷斯（Antonio Xavier Alvares，1836-1923）--另一方面是世俗活动家。这两个俗人，伊莎贝尔·德洛斯雷耶斯（1864-1938）和佩德罗·曼努埃尔·里斯本平托（1857-1898）不仅是宗教活动家，而且是当地工人运动的核心人物。此外，他们还是记者和出版商，并编辑了他们新教会的第一份官方期刊。1903年，“独立天主教徒”和IFI之间也有直接的信件往来。本项目将详细探讨这一联系以及其他尚未得到学术界重视的跨区域和跨大陆联系。本研究的主要历史资料来源不仅是各种档案资料，而且特别是1900年前后两个运动出版的期刊和其他早期书籍和小册子。该项目的成果将在两本书和四篇期刊文章中介绍。通过这种方式，该项目有助于研究19世纪末和世纪初亚洲独立传教的基督教运动史。通过关注两个天主教殖民地的背景下，它也将提供新的见解，目前的辩论在宗教研究的全球化的话语的“宗教”，这往往是完全集中在新教传教史。

The project is concerned with a comparative analysis of two Rome-independent Catholic movements in Asia around 1900 from a religious studies and history of Christianity perspective. The focus lies on the "Iglesia Filipina Independiente" (IFI) which was founded in the Philippines in 1902, shortly after the transfer from Spanish to American colonial administration, as well as on the "Independent Catholics of India, Goa, and Ceylon" which emerged in the late 1880s in reaction to the end of the Portuguese king's patronage over the Catholic bishoprics in Goa and Ceylon. These movements will be analysed in three regards: 1. The connections between religious, political, and social movements of emancipation among the local indigenous-Christian elites; 2. Their transregional and transcontinental contacts with each other and with other Rome-independent Catholic groups in other parts of the world; 3. The way in which their advocates were involved in contemporary discourses on "religion" and attempted to locate themselves and their respective cultural contexts in the universal religious history of mankind. In the development of these two movements many similarities and parallels can be observed. The independence from Rome was in both cases pursued by, on the one hand, a former Roman-Catholic priest - Gregorio Aglipay (1860-1940) in the Philippines and Antonio Francisco Xavier Alvares (1836-1923) in Goa and Ceylon - and on the other hand by lay activists. The two laymen, Isabelo de los Reyes (1864-1938) and Pedro Manuel Lisboa Pinto (1857-1898) were not only religious activists, but also central figures in the founding of local worker's movements. Additionally, they were journalists and publishers and edited the first official periodicals of their new churches. In 1903 there also was a direct exchange of letters between the "Independent Catholics" and the IFI. This connection, as well as additional transregional and transcontinental contacts which have not yet received much scholarly attention, will be explored in detail in this project. Central historical sources for this investigation are not only diverse archival sources but especially the periodicals and other early books and tracts published by the two movements around 1900. The results of the project will be presented in two books and four journal articles. In this way the project contributes to research into the history of mission-independent Christian movements in late 19th and early 20th century Asia. By focusing on two Catholic colonial contexts it will also provide new insights regarding current debates in religious studies about the globalization of the disourse of "religion" which are too often focused exclusively on Protestant missionary history.