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Western democracies and extraterritorial human rights violations

西方民主国家和域外侵犯人权行为

基本信息

批准号：
342267607
负责人：
Professorin Dr. Monika Heupel
金额：
--
依托单位：
Juniorprofessur für internationale und europäische Politik
依托单位国家：
德国
项目类别：
Research Grants
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
德国
起止时间：
2016-12-31 至 2021-12-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/342267607?language=en
关键词：
Western democracies extraterritorial human rights

项目摘要

Western democracies do comparably well when it comes to protecting the human rights of their own citizens and on their territory. When it comes to protecting the human rights of foreigners beyond their borders, the behavior of Western democracies is ambivalent, however. On the one hand, Western democracies do not shy away from committing extraterritorial human rights violations. One may think of the mass surveillance Western intelligence agencies rely on or of the cases of systematic torture in US prisons in Iraq. Yet, on the other hand, Western democracies have established provisions for the extraterritorial protection of human rights in the past years. In some cases, even comparatively reliable protection provisions have emerged. In others, the evolution of protection provisions is still in its infancy. Research on compliance with human rights norms has not yet examined this ambivalent behavior of Western democracies in a systematic manner. In light of the negative effects of extraterritorial human rights violations on individuals all over the world, but also the spillover effects of Western democracies` human rights policy on other states, this disregard has given rise to an important research gap. The aim of the submitted project is therefore to examine why Western democracies establish provisions for the extraterritorial protection of human rights and why, in some cases, more reliable protection provisions emerge than in others. The project assumes that norms emerge if there is normative demand, but that such demand is not a sufficient condition of norm emergence. Rather, there need to be mobilized actors who make decision-makers recognize a specific norm and introduce specific measures, in our case establish provisions for the extraterritorial protection of human rights. As such, the project aims to assess which causal mechanism, or mechanisms, can explain the establishment of provisions for the extraterritorial protection of human rights in Western democracies. Applying the method of theory testing process tracing, the project is to assess the explanatory value of four causal mechanisms, i.e. conditionality, litigation, shaming and persuasion. Moreover, following a comparative logic it intends to uncover the conditions on which comparatively reliable (rather than only rudimentary) provisions for the extraterritorial protection of human rights emerge. For this purpose, the project will comprise five qualitative case studies on the evolution of provisions for the extraterritorial protection of human rights in the US in relation to counter-terrorism policies since September 11, 2001. Specifically, the project will cover case studies on the evolution of provisions for the extraterritorial protection of the right to be free from torture, of the right to protection from arbitrary detention, of the right to life (targeted killing), of the right to asylum, and of the right to privacy (mass surveillance).

西方民主国家在保护本国公民和本国领土上的人权方面做得很好。然而，当涉及到保护境外外国人的人权时，西方民主国家的行为是矛盾的。一方面，西方民主国家并不回避域外侵犯人权的行为。人们可能会想到西方情报机构所依赖的大规模监视，或者美国在伊拉克监狱中的系统性酷刑案件。然而，另一方面，西方民主国家在过去几年中制定了域外保护人权的规定。在某些情况下，甚至出现了相对可靠的保护规定。在另一些国家，保护条款的发展仍处于初级阶段。关于遵守人权规范的研究尚未系统地审查西方民主国家的这种矛盾行为。鉴于域外侵犯人权行为对全世界个人的负面影响，以及西方民主国家人权政策对其他国家的溢出效应，这种无视造成了一个重要的研究空白。因此，提交的项目的目的是研究为什么西方民主国家制定域外保护人权的规定，为什么在某些情况下出现了比其他情况下更可靠的保护规定。该项目假设，规范出现，如果有规范的需求，但这种需求不是规范出现的充分条件。相反，需要动员行动者，使决策者认识到具体的规范，并采取具体措施，在我们的情况下，制定域外保护人权的规定。因此，该项目的目的是评估哪一种或哪几种因果机制可以解释西方民主国家制定域外保护人权的规定的原因。本研究采用理论检验过程追踪的方法，对制约性、诉讼性、羞辱性和说服性四种因果机制的解释价值进行评估。此外，它还打算按照比较的逻辑，揭示出现比较可靠的（而不仅仅是初步的）域外保护人权规定的条件。为此目的，该项目将包括五个定性案例研究，研究自2001年9月11日以来美国在反恐政策方面域外保护人权的规定的演变情况。具体而言，该项目将涵盖关于以下方面域外保护规定演变的案例研究：免受酷刑的权利、受保护不受任意拘留的权利、生命权（定点清除）、庇护权和隐私权（大规模监视）。