Differential mechanisms of cognitive impairment due to task-irrelevant sounds in children and adults

儿童和成人与任务无关的声音导致认知障碍的不同机制

• 批准号: 401278266
• 负责人: Professorin Dr.-Ing. Janina Fels
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Fachgebiet Kognitive und Entwicklungspsychologie
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/401278266?language=en
• 关键词: Differential; mechanisms; cognitive; impairment; due

Whether and to what extent task-irrelevant background sounds disrupt cognitive performance depends on characteristics of the tasks, the sounds, and the individuals exposed. The interactions of these variables are still unresolved. The proposed joint project involving acoustics (Fels, RWTH Aachen), cognitive psychology (Schlittmeier, TU Kaiserslautern), and developmental psychology (Klatte/Lachmann, TU Kaiserslautern) further elucidates the cognitive mechanisms underlying sound-induced performance decrements, as well as their dependencies on the auditory-perceptive authenticity of the auditory scene in which cognitive performance is assessed. The project aims (1) to further test the two independent mechanisms of sound-induced disruption proposed in the literature, i.e. attentional capture vs. specific interference between automatic sound processing and intentional processes involved in task performance. Furthermore (2), we aim to analyze the nature of specific interference between sound- and task-related processes. Research in this field focused on immediate serial recall of visual items, and the dominant view states that sound-induced disruption results from a conflict between abstract order cues of auditory and visual origin. According to this "changing-state"-account, the mechanism of disruption is the same for speech and non-speech sounds, and for verbal and non-verbal memory items. In contrast, we assume a special role of speech, in that background speech specifically interferes with phonological processing. In the proposed experiments, sound and task characteristics are varied systematically, while accounting for potential moderating effects of individual attentional control and phonological skills. These variables are included through individual diagnostic tests, and by comparing children and adults and children with typical versus impaired phonological development, respectively. Furthermore (3), the project examines whether the performance effects observed with basic recording and reproduction techniques (i.e. headphone presentation of mono recordings) are comparable to the effects of plausible acoustic scenarios generated and presented using up-to-date recording and reproduction technology (e.g. auralization, individual HRTFs, head-related transfer functions). The plausibility of the acoustic scenarios is further increased by using different sound sources (static and/or moving sources) placed at different positions. These two aspects (on the one hand the plausible spatial representation of sources and on the other hand moving sources) have only sparsely been considered in research on cognitive noise effects so far. We expect sound-induced distraction to increase with increasing complexity and authenticity of the acoustic scenarios. The joint efforts of experts from cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, and acoustics in the proposed project create synergies, which cannot be achieved by each of these disciplines on its own.

与任务无关的背景声音是否以及在多大程度上干扰认知表现，取决于任务、声音和暴露的个人的特征。这些变量之间的相互作用仍未得到解决。拟议的联合项目涉及声学(FELS，RWTH Aachen)、认知心理学(Schlittmeier，TU Kaiserslautern)和发展心理学(Klatte/Lachmann，TU Kaiserslautern)，进一步阐明了声音诱导表现减退的认知机制，以及它们对评估认知表现的听觉场景的听觉知觉真实性的依赖。本研究的目的是(1)进一步检验文献中提出的两种独立的声音干扰机制，即注意捕获与任务执行中自动声音加工和有意加工之间的特定干扰。此外，(2)我们的目标是分析声音相关过程和任务相关过程之间的特定干扰的性质。这一领域的研究主要集中在视觉项目的即时序列回忆上，主流观点认为声音诱导的干扰是听觉和视觉来源的抽象顺序线索之间冲突的结果。根据这种“改变状态”的说法，语音和非语音，以及语言和非语言记忆项目的干扰机制是相同的。相反，我们承担了语音的特殊作用，因为背景语音特别干扰语音处理。在所提出的实验中，声音和任务特征是有系统地变化的，同时解释了个体注意控制和语音技能的潜在调节作用。这些变量是通过单独的诊断性测试，以及通过比较儿童、成人和儿童的典型语音发育与受损的语音发育来包括的。此外(3)该项目还审查了使用基本记录和再现技术(即单声道录音的耳机呈现)所观察到的性能效果是否与使用最新的记录和再现技术(例如可听化、单个HRTF、与头部相关的传递函数)生成和呈现的可信的声学情景的效果相当。通过使用放置在不同位置的不同声源(静态源和/或移动源)来进一步增加声学场景的似是而非。到目前为止，在认知噪声效应的研究中，这两个方面(一方面是源的合理空间表征，另一方面是移动源的空间表征)很少被考虑。我们预计，随着声学场景的复杂性和真实性的增加，声音引起的分心将会增加。来自认知心理学、发展心理学和声学的专家在拟议的项目中共同努力创造了协同效应，这是这些学科中的每一个单独无法实现的。