Hybridization from two sides: Ukrainian-Russian and Russian-Ukrainian Code Mixing in the context of the (socio) linguistic situation in southern Ukraine along the Black Sea coast

乌克兰是一个多语言国家，主要是双语星座：乌克兰语和俄语。乌克兰在西部很强大，俄罗斯在乌克兰东部和南部占主导地位。乌克兰中部处于中间位置。乌克兰语和俄语，两种结构上密切相关的语言，作为一种名为Surzhyk的混合代码的捐赠语言。乌克兰-俄罗斯混合代码的具体点是，它可能存在于两个变体中，反映了该国的历史。“原型苏尔日克”源于俄罗斯在乌克兰的政治和社会统治时期：从19世纪60年代的沙皇时代和1930年代的苏联时代，人们适应了俄语环境。这种“古老”的苏尔奇克语在乌克兰语的基础上以类似于所谓“方言水平化”的方式发展起来。虽然仍然有很大的变化，但这种混合代码在一定程度上是稳定的，因为几代人以来，成年人开始在他们自己之间和与他们的孩子在非正式交流中使用Old Surzhyk。混合代码的第二种变体，这里称为“新Surzhyk”，起源较早。它演变与人谁曾经练习主要是俄罗斯，但-由于乌克兰语言政治1990年后-至少有部分转向乌克兰。因此，新苏尔日克语有一个俄罗斯的基础，预计将出现-最有可能沿着旧苏尔日克语-在乌克兰南部（和东部，现在无法进行系统的研究）。我们的项目的中心研究问题是一个创新的接触语言层面如下：是否有一个明确的区分两个混合代码基于相同的两个密切相关的捐助者的语言？还是说，在不同社会人口背景的说话者群体之间存在着一种逐渐的过渡？我们项目的研究假设是：· 在语法上，旧苏尔日克语和新苏尔日克语主要可以根据使用者之间的聚类差异（例如屈折词尾的扩展）在数量上加以区分。· 在词汇上，有明显的差异：主要的乌克兰语与主要的俄语词汇。· 在语音模式上，旧苏尔日克语和新苏尔日克语在结构上是不同的。· 新苏尔日克语比旧苏尔日克语更易变。这些假设的另一种可能性是，没有两个不同的苏尔日克语，而是一个连续体，介于强烈的乌克兰式苏尔日克语和强烈的俄罗斯式苏尔日克语之间，并结合多层次的社会人口差异。该项目的方法论方法包括创新的语料库语言描述，结合定量变分主义社会语言学的分析方法，与社会人口统计数据相关。除此之外，还将对个人“Sprachbiographien”（语言传记）进行深入访谈并进行定性分析，以便将定量结果与定性数据联系起来。

The Ukraine is a multilingual state, with a predominantly bilingual constellation: Ukrainian and Russian. Ukrainian is strong in the West, and Russian dominates in the East and in the South of the Ukraine. The Central Ukraine holds an intermediate position. Ukrainian and Russian, two structurally closely related languages, function as donor languages for a mixed code called Surzhyk. The specific point with the Ukrainian-Russian mixed code is that it may exist in two variants, reflecting the history of the country.“Prototype Surzhyk” stems from the times of Russian political and social dominance in the Ukraine: From the 1860-ies in Tsarist times and from the 1930-ies in Soviet times people adapted themselves to a Russian-speaking environment. This “old” Surzhyk has developed in a way resembling so called ‘dialect levelling’ on the basis of Ukrainian. Though still quite variable, a certain stabilisation of this mixed code is observed, since adults started to speak Old Surzhyk between themselves and with their children in informal communication over several generations. The second variant of mixed code, here called “Neo-Surzhyk”, is of younger origin. It evolved with people who used to practise mainly Russian, but - due to the Ukrainian language politics after 1990 - had at least partially to turn to Ukrainian. Neo-Surzhyk thus has a Russian base and is expected to occur – most probably along with Old Surzhyk - in the South of the Ukraine (and in the East, now inaccessible for systematic research).The central research question of our project with an innovative contact-linguistic dimension is the following: Is there a clear differentiation between two mixed codes based on the same two closely related donor languages? Or is there a gradual transition between groups of speakers with different sociodemographic backgrounds?The research hypotheses of our project are: · Grammatically, Old Surzhyk and Neo-Surzhyk can be differentiated mainly on quantitative grounds with cluster differences between speakers (for example as to the spread of inflectional endings).· Lexically, there are clear differences: prevailing Ukrainian vs. prevailing Russian lexemes.· As to sound patterns, Old Surzhyk and Neo-Surzhyk are different structurally.· Neo-Surzhyk is more variable than Old Surzhyk.The alternative to these hypotheses is that there are no two distinct Surzhyks but rather a continuum between a strongly Ukrainian-like and a strongly Russian-like Surzhyk, in combination with sociodemographic differentiations on multiple levels.The methodological approach of the project consists in an innovative corpus linguistic description, combined with analytical methods of quantitative variationist sociolinguistics, correlated with sociodemographic data. In addition to that, in-depth interviews on individual “Sprachbiographien” (linguistic biographies) will be conducted and analysed qualitatively, in order to correlate quantitative findings with qualitative data.