Impact of Diverse Production Systems on Yield Stability and Environmental Adaptability of Wheat and Barley: A Study Based on Long-Term Field Experiments

该项目的目标是促进对各种生产系统对小麦和大麦产量稳定性的影响的基本理解。特别是，该项目将提供新的见解复杂的基因型x环境x管理因素（GxExM）的相互作用，在生产系统中流行的重点是管理因素，如作物轮作和施肥的长期影响。基于四个长期田间试验（LTFEs）的结果，将检验以下假设：1。在小麦和大麦之前种植叶类作物，特别是豆类作物，比使用谷物作为前茬作物具有更高的产量稳定性和环境适应性。（验证不同的前茬作物：甜菜、油菜、玉米、三叶草、菜豆、小麦、黑麦、燕麦）2.生产系统与较高的无机氮施肥表现出更稳定的小麦和大麦产量和更好的环境适应性比系统与较低的无机氮供应。（不同矿质氮肥水平比较：0%、50%、100%）3.在小麦和大麦上施用额外的有机肥比单独施用无机肥具有更高的产量稳定性和更好的环境适应性。（不同有机肥的验证：农家肥、绿色肥、甜菜叶、谷类秸秆、豌豆/蚕豆秸秆）4.不同基因型的小麦和大麦对前茬作物、无机氮供应和额外有机肥的差异反应相似。（验证4个LTFE中使用的小麦和大麦品种）。为了共同回答假设，设计了三个工作包（WP）。第一个WP包括实验数据库的汇编，该数据库包括在哥本哈根大学（丹麦）进行的一个有机LTE和在Justus Liebig大学吉森（德国）进行的三个常规LTE。该项目的第二个也是核心WP包括上述实验数据库的稳定性分析。在这里，将确定管理因素（矿物和有机肥料以及轮作，特别是前茬作物的影响）对小麦和大麦品种在不同生产系统和多种环境中的产量稳定性的影响。由于自试验建立以来已经过去了一段时间，因此有可能在足够的年份内比较小麦和大麦产量稳定性的长期管理效果。第三个WP是关于模拟小麦和大麦在不同生产系统中的环境适应性。基于系统模型的方法，小麦和大麦产量的反应受到不同的选定的管理策略和天气驱动因素进行分析，并模拟在未来的气候情景下对环境压力的敏感性。

The objective of this project is to contribute to the fundamental understanding of the impacts that a diverse array of production systems have on the grain yield stabilities of wheat and barley. In particular, this project will provide new insight into the complex genotype x environment x management factor (GxExM) interactions prevailing in production systems with a focus on the long-term effects of management factors such as crop rotation and fertilisation. Based on the results of four long-term field experiments (LTFEs), the following hypotheses will be tested:1. Preceding wheat and barley with leaf crops, especially legumes, leads to higher yield stability and environmental adaptability than using a cereal as the preceding crop. (Verification of different preceding crops: sugar beet, oilseed rape, maize, clover, field bean, wheat, rye, oat)2. Production systems with higher mineral nitrogen fertilisation show more stable wheat and barley yields and better environmental adaptability than systems with lower mineral nitrogen supply. (Comparison of different mineral nitrogen fertilisation levels: 0%, 50%, 100%)3. Additional organic fertilisation results in higher yield stability and better environmental adaptability when applied to wheat and barley than mineral fertilisation alone. (Verification of different organic fertilisers: farmyard manure, green manure, sugar beet leaves, cereal straw, pea/field bean straw)4. Different genotypes of wheat and barley react similarly to differences in preceding crops, the mineral nitrogen supply and additional organic fertilisation. (Verification of the wheat and barley cultivars used in the 4 LTFEs).To jointly answer the hypotheses, three work packages (WPs) are designed. The first WP comprises the compilation of the experimental database, which consists of one organic LTE conducted at the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) and three conventional LTEs conducted at the Justus Liebig University Giessen (Germany). The second and core WP of this project comprises the stability analysis of the experimental databases mentioned above. Here, the impact of the management factors (mineral and organic fertilisation as well as crop rotation and, in particular, the effects of the preceding crops) on the yield stability of wheat and barley cultivars in diverse production systems and multiple environments will be determined. Due to the time that has passed since the experiments were established, it will be possible to compare the long-term management effects on yield stability of wheat and barley over a sufficient number of years. The third WP is about modelling the environmental adaptability of wheat and barley in diverse production systems. Based on a system model approach, wheat and barley yield reactions subjected to different selected management strategies and weather driving factors will be analysed, and simulations regarding the sensitivity to environmental stress under future climate scenarios will be performed.